Medicine through time

1. Warfare
2. Childbirth
3. Infection
4. Food shortages
5. Hunting wounds

1. Natural
   1. Herbs
   2. Medicine men and women
   3. Trephining
2. Spirtual
   1. Lucky charms
   2. Saving your spirits
   3. Rituals

1. Individual Genius
2. Chance
3. War
4. Technology
5. Government
6. Religion and superstition
7. Attitudes
   1. Conservatism
   2. Enquiry

1. Treatments and Beliefs
   1. Supernatural
      1. Asclepius
   2. Natural
      1. Four Humors
2. Hippocrates

1. Galen
2. Needed a healthy army
   1. Government
3. Public health improved
   1. Aquaducts
   2. sewers
   3. Government

1. Religion-encouraged cleanliness
2. Treatments and beliefs
   1. Supernatural
      1. Gods caused diseases
      2. Priests had books of treatmants
      3. Mummification
         1. They had a relatively advanced knowledge of anatomy
            1. However experimental dissection was not allowed
         2. Found outlines of simple surgery
   2. Natural
      1. Canal theory
         1. Based on nile
      2. Some drugs (opium) used
      3. Purging, vomiting and blood letting
      4. Diet
3. What was new and what stayed the same?
   1. New
      1. Specialist doctors
      2. Observstion
      3. Surgical instruments
   2. Same
      1. Herbs
      2. No understanding of cause
      3. Supernatural beliefs
      4. No understanding of how the body works

1. Quacks
2. Church
3. Doctors
4. Women

1. Planets
2. Miasma
3. God
4. Dominated by four humours theory

1. God

Annotations:

• Collapse of academic knowledge

1. Avicenna went against orthodox Islamic tradition

1. Paracelsus Challenged Galen

1. Pare
   1. Ointment instead of boiling oil
      1. Chance
   2. War helped
2. Harvey
   1. Blood and circulation
3. Vesallius
   1. Anatomy
      1. Wrote fabric of the human body
         1. used the printing press to circulate his ideas

1. Showed people knew it was contagius
   1. No knowledge of why
2. Fire of London killed the bacteria

1. Jenner
   1. Link between cow pox and small pox
2. Government helped and made it compulsory

1. Pasteur
2. Enquiry
3. Identification of different microbes
   1. Koch
   2. Vaccinations
      1. Koch Vs Pasteur
         1. Franco-Prussian war meant they were rivals

1. Anasthetics
   1. Laughing gas Ether and Chloroform
      1. Early anaesthetics led to a rise in death rates
         1. Doctors tried more complex surgery
         2. Infections still killed patients
            1. Unhygienic conditions
         3. 1846-1870 Black period of surgery
2. Antisepsis and Asepsis

   Annotations:

   • Antiseptic methods kill germs that get near surgical wounds Aseptic methods aim to stop germs getting near the wound
   1. Asepsis reduced the need for harmful chemicals
   2. Lister
      1. Carbolic acid on instruments
      2. Reduced death rates from 50% to 15%
   3. Semmelweis
      1. Chloride of lime as a hand wash
   4. kill germs that get near surgical wounds

1. Public Health acts
   1. Snow
      1. Cholera
   2. 1848
      1. Chadwich
      2. Was not compulsory
   3. 1875
2. Beveridge
   1. Report 1942
   2. 'Welfare state'
3. NHS-1948
4. Clean air act 1956
5. The Black report