English Language

Context, Audience, Purpose (Whenever you are looking at a text
1. How has the context influenced the text?
  1. Contextual Factors:
    1. Mode: What is it? Spoken, Written or Electronic
      1. Spoken
        Evolved first
        Higher order of priority in Child development than written
        Used far more in society
        Lexis of Spoken Language:
        Lexical item= A singular word you can identify
        Lexis tends to differ slightly
        Extensive use of Colloquial lexis
        Meaning of noises and sounds
        Backchannel Behaviour: Noises that the listener makes in the background as response to what the speaker is saying
        'Yes' a clear affirmative in informal situations or a backchannel behaviour
        Tag questions 'aren't you?'
        Interactive function
        Marker of sympathetic circularity: 'is that all right' 'with you'
        Laugh is more deliberate than a cough: Can show you're agreeing
        Filled pause 'mm' occurs as the listener signals that they're listening
        'Er' fills a pause between words
        'Erm' fills a pause between a boundary of complete sentences
        'Are you well?' is used as an intensifier and to fill a pause
        Democratic Morpheme: very vague language in a conversation
        Stigmatised: Criticised as non-standard English
        Corpus: From latin meaning 'Body'
        Grammar of Spoken Language
        Discourse Markers- Particular words used to mark boundaries between topics
        Interrogative and Imperative sentence structures: used mostylin spoken language as interactive
        Ellipsis: leaving out part of the clause or phrase assume the listener understands the info
        Abbreviated Structures, minor sentences
        Modal expression: indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the situation theyre describing
        Identifying formal grammar
        How is grammar more formal?
        Nominlisation
        Passive voice
        Verb
        Active voice
      2. Written
        Higher status than spoken as it leaves a permanent record
        Used far less in society
        Evolved Second
      3. Electronic
        Fusion of spoken and written language
        Interesting overlaps
        Need to be aware of distinctive features of both spoken and written language
        Context of Electronic Modes:
        Emails
        Interactive
        Carefully planned
        Permanent
        Text messages are always private
        Facebook is more public
    2. Field: What is it about?
      1. Subject-specific lexis from the semantic field of..
    3. Function: What is the purpose of the text?
    4. Tenor: For whom and to whom was it produced?
2. Who are the intended audience? and how does this influence the text
3. What is the purpose of the text?
Key Constituents:
1. Phonology: The sounds of Language
2. Morphology: The structure of words
3. Graphology: Visual marks on the pages
  1. Authography: Historical spellings and puncuation
4. Lexis: Choice of Words
5. Grammar: Sentence Structure
6. Discourse: Structure of the text as a whole
Constructing meanings
1. Semantics- The relationship between words and meanings
2. Pragmatics- The ways meanings are implied in a social context of use
3. Level of formality: When people adjust their tone of language to suit the situation
  1. Low level
    1. Spontaneous
    2. Immediate
    3. Interactive, Dialogue
    4. Ephemeral, No record
    5. Private
    6. Socially orientated
    7. Context-dependant
  2. High Level
    1. Planned, Revised
    2. Solitary
    3. Permanent Record
    4. Public, Wide Audience
    5. Message-Orientated
    6. Context-Orientated
  3. We use language to maintain social relationships and communicate facts and information
  4. Lanuguage and power in social orientation: people chose more or less powerful roles through speech
Multi-modal texts:
1. More complex language and interesting than that of stereotypes
2. Blurs distinction between written and spoken language
3. Styles of language overlap eachother
4. FUSION
5. Mode refers to 3 main channels of communication
6. There's a scale between written and spoken language
7. Field:
  1. Subject-specific lexis
  2. Semantic field
  3. Field of a text is its topic or subject matter
  4. Influences choice of lexis
  5. Semantic field= other groups of words related by meaning
  6. Deictic referencing
  7. Anaphoric referencing
  8. Cataphoric referencing
8. Function
  1. What is the purpose of the text?
  2. Language function
  3. People try to achieve several things at once
  4. Cross purpose:
    1. Transactional means language used to pass on information
    2. Phatic function
    3. Human communication- to present self in a positive light
  5. Subtle art of persuasion
    1. Underlying persuasive purpose
9. Tenor
  1. Could get advertising texts
    1. Adresser-Adressee relationship
  2. Message orientated, social orientated
  3. Ideational and interpersonal, transition and phatic
  4. Private-public
    1. Relationship
    2. Field
    3. Function
Register
1. Mode: What is it?
2. Field: Subject-specific lexis
3. Function: Context,audience, purpose
4. Tenor: Relationship between writer and reader and their relative status

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