Unit 4

Unit 4

1. Will

   • make decisions and promises at the time of speaking.
     • He hasn't arrived yet, so we'll just have to go without him. Sorry, I'm a bit busy. I'll call you back in five minutes.
   • make predictions about the future.
     • Don't worry, I'm sure you'll pass your exam.
   • We often introduce the will future with words and expressions like think, probably, it's (un)likely, I'm certain.
     • I (don't) think you'll be able to learn Spanish. They'll probably call us before they leave. It's (un)likely that we'll stop for a meal somewhere. I'm certain Rachel will be there.

2. GOING TO

   • Use going to to talk about plans or intentions (something which you have already decided).
     • We're going to visit my friends next week. They're going to watch a film tonight.

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

   • Use the present continuous to talk about fixed future arrangements, usually involving other people.
     • I'm meeting Peter at the cinema at seven. Nobody else is coming to the party.

4. FIRST CONDITIONAL

   • if-clause + main clause if + present simple+ will/may/might/should, etc.
     • If people only learn English at school, other languages will die out. If you come to my house first, we can go together. If he asks you for help, you should say 'yes'.
   • Use the first conditional to talk about real possibilities.
     • If they don't hurry, they'll miss the plane.I'll revise more if it helps me pass the exam.
   • We can put the main clause first. If we do this, we don't use a comma.
     • I might buy a car if I save enough money.
   • We don't use will in the if-clause.

5. UNLESS

   • Unless means the same as if not.
     • Unless we protect languages, they'll become extinct. = If we don't protect languages, they'll become extinct.
   • We don't use a negative structure in the unless-clause.

6. WHEN AND AS SOON AS

   • When and As soon as can replace if in the first conditional. We use them when we are very certain that something will happen.
     • When they arrive, call me and I'll meet them. As soon as they arrive, we'll start the meeting.
   • We never use a future tense with these time expressions.
     • X When the train will arrive, I'll give you a call. x

7. KEY LANGUAGE

   • ACCEPTING IDEAS I think you're right. It's an interesting thought. That's a great idea. OK, good idea. Mmm, maybe you're right. Mmm, well, yes. That's a good point. Yeah, right.
   • REJECTING IDEAS (Mmm,) don't know about that. I'm not sure about that. I'm afraid don't like that idea. I'm not in favour of it.
   • CONSIDERING CONSEQUENCES If we do that, what will happen? What will the effects be? Let's think this through. OK? What's the problem? Maybe, but think about the consequences if we leave them out.

8. VOCABULARY

   • LANGUAGE LEARNING accent, bilingual, dialect, false friend, foreign language, grammar, native (adj), pronunciation, second language, slang
   • PHRASAL VERBS catch on, fall behind, get by, keep up with, let down, pay off, pick up, take up, take off
   • BRITISH AND AMERICAN MONEY IDIOMS go on a spending spree look like a million dollars splash out on be broke rip (someone) off/ be ripped off pass the buck a cheapskate tighten your belt
   • LANGUAGE STYLE appropriate, context, familiar, formal, friendly, humorous, informal, medium, polite, register