EarthQuakes Ch.5

Annotations:

• The movement of Earth's plates creates great forces that squeeze or pull the rock in Earth's crust. That great force is called stress

1. 2: Types Of Stress

   Annotations:

   • There are three types of stress that occurs in the earth. They will be listed in The spaces down below.
   1. Tension

      Annotations:

      • Tension is another type of stress that pulls the crust so that the rock beneath gets thinner and thinner.
   2. Compression

      Annotations:

      • Compression is the type of stress that pushes rock to a point where it either fold or breaks.
   3. Shearing

      Annotations:

      • Shearing is the last type of stress that push masses of rock and land in two separate directions causing Earth's interior to change.
2. 1: Kinds of Faults

   Annotations:

   • In this section I will tell you about three types of faults that are all totally different.
   1. Strike-Slip Faults

      Annotations:

      • A strike-slip fault is a fault that has rock on either side slip past each other.
   2. Reverse Faults

      Annotations:

      • In a reverse fault what happens is the exact apposite of the normal fault, the hanging wall slides up relative to the footwall.
   3. Normal Faults

      Annotations:

      • In a normal fault there are to walls named the hanging wall  and the footwall, so in the normal fault the hanging wall slips down relative to the footwall.
3. 3: Changing Earth's Surface

   Annotations:

   • This is the last section
   1. Folding Earth's Crust

      Annotations:

      • Sometimes Earth's crust reaches a point that it will eventually fold and bend, which makes the earth's crust and the rock below it rise up and make mountains.
   2. Uplifting Earth's Crust

      Annotations:

      • The forces that rise mountains can also rise, or uplift plateaus. A plateau is a large flat area that is elevated high above the sea level. this is uplifting Earth's crust.
   3. Stretching Earth's Crust

      Annotations:

      • A fault-block mountain forms when two normal faults cut through blocks of rock ,this is what stretching Earth's crust is.

1. 1: Types of seismic waves
   1. S waves
   2. P waves
   3. Surface waves
2. 2: Measuring Earthquakes
   1. The Mercalli scale
   2. The Richter scale
   3. Comparing Earth quakes
   4. The Moment-magnitude scale
3. 3: Locating the Epicenter

1. 1: The seismograph
   1. reading a seismogram
   2. Measuring seismic waves
2. 2: instruments that monitor faults
   1. tiltmeters
   2. creep meters
   3. laser-ranging devices
      1. GPS satellites
3. 3: using seismograph data
   1. mapping faults
   2. monitoring changes along faults
   3. trying to predict earthquakes

1. 4: designing safer buildings
2. 1: earthquake risk
   1. mapping earthquake intensity
   2. historic earthquakes
   3. plate boundaries and faults
3. 2: how earthquakes cause damage
   1. 3: steps to earthquake safety
   2. shaking
   3. liquefaction
   4. aftershocks
   5. tsunamis