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Education Psycology

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Education Psycology

Development and Diversity
- Cognitive and Linguistic Development
  - General Principles of Human Development
    - The Multiple Layers of Environmental Influence: Bronfenbrenner's Theory
  - Role of Brain in Learning and Developmnt
  - Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
    - Piaget's Basic Assumptions
      - Children are active and motivated learners
      - Children construct rather than absorb knowledge
      - Children continually learn new things through two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation
      - Interaction with one's physical and social environments are essential for cognitive development
      - The process of equilibration promotes toward increasingly complex thought
      - In part as a result of maturational changes in the brain, children think in qualitatively different ways at different ages
    - Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
  - Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
    - Vygotsky's Basic Assumptions
      - Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
    - Scaffolding
    - Piaget vs Vygotsky
- Personal and Social Development
  - Personality Development
    - Temperament
    - Environment Influences on Personality Development
      - Family Dynamics
        Child Maltreatment
    - The "Big Five" Personality Traits
  - Development of a Sense of Self
    - Factors Influencing Sense of Self
    - Development Changes in Sense of Self
      - Childhood
      - Early Adolesence
      - Late Adolescence
    - Diversity in Sense of Self
      - Gender Differences
      - Cultural and Ethnic Differences
  - Development of Peer Relationships and Interpersonal Understandings
    - Roles of Peers in Children's Development
      - Peer Pressure
    - Characteristics of Peer Relationships
      - Friendships
      - Cliques
      - Crowds
      - Gangs
      - Romantic Relationships
      - Popularity and Social Isolation
        Popular Students
        Rejected Students
    - Social Cognition
      - Aggression
    - Technology and Peer Relationships
  - Moral and Prosocial Development
- Individual Differences and Special Education Needs
  - Cognitive Styles and Dispositions
    - Stimulation seeking
    - Need for cognitive
    - Critical Thinking
    - Open-mindedness
- Group Differences
  - Cultural and Ethnic Differences
    - Navigating Different Cultures at Home and at School
      - Culture Shock
    - Examples of Cultural and Ethnic Diversity
      - Language and Dialect
        Standard English
        Dialect
        African American English
      - Talkativeness and Verbal Assertiveness
      - Eye Contact
      - Personal Space
    - Creating a Culturally Inclusive Classroom Environment
  - Gender Differences
    - Physical Activity and Motor Skills
    - Cognitive and Academic Abilities
      - Visual-spatial Ability
  - Socioeconomic Differences
    - Poor nutrition and health
    - Inadequate housing and frequent moves
    - Exposure to toxic substances
    - Unhealthy social environments
    - Emotional stress
Learning and Motivation
- Learning, Cognition, and Memory
  - Basic Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology
    - Behaviorism
    - Social cognitive theory
    - Cognitive psychology
    - Contextual Theories
  - A Model of Human Memry
    - Information processing theory
  - Long-term Memory Storage
    - Rehearsal
    - Elaboration
    - Orginization
    - Visual imagery
- Complex Cognitive Processes
  - Metacognition and Learning Startegies
  - Transfer
  - Problem Solving
  - Creativity
    - Convergent thinking
    - Divergent thinking
  - Critical Thinking
  - Diversity in Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Other Complex Cognitive Procsses
- Learning and Cognition in Context
  - Bsics Assumptions of Contextual Theories
  - Social Interactions as Context
  - Cultures as Contexts
  - Society and Technology as Contexts
  - Academic Context Domains as Contexts
- Behaviorist Views of Learning
  - Instrumental conditioning
  - Reinforcer
    - Increase
  - Punishment
    - decrease
  - Operant conditioning
  - Positive reinforcement
  - Removal punishment
  - Token economy
- Social Cognitive Views of Learning
  - The Social Cognitive View of Reinforcement and Punishment
  - Modleing
    - Mirror neuron
    - Model
    - Cognitive modeling
  - Self-Efficacy
    - Goals
    - Effort and persistence
    - Learning and Achievment
  - Self-Regulation
- Motivation and Affect
  - The Nature of Motivation
    - time on task
  - Basic Human Needs
    - need for competence
    - self-worth
  - Cognitive and Sociocultureal Factors in Motivation
    - Interest
    - Value
    - Mastery goal
    - Performance goal
    - Social goal
    - Long-term goal
  - Affect and Its Effect
    - anxiety
    - threat
    - challenge
Classroom Strategies
- Instructional Strategies
  - Planning for Instruction
    - Task analysis
    - Lesson plan
  - Teacher-Directed Instructional Strategies
    - Mastery learning
  - Learner-Directed Instructional Strategies
    - Cooperative learning
    - base group
    - Peer tutoring
- Creating a Productive Learning Environment
  - Creating a Setting Conducive to Learning
    - Classroom Management
    - Classroom Climate
    - Belongingness
  - Expanding the sense of Community Beyond the Classroom
    - Cueing
    - Cognitive behavioral therapy
  - Addressing Aggression and Violence at School
- Classroom Assessment Strategies
  - The Many Forms and Purposes of Assessment
    - Formative Versus Summative Assessment
      - Formative BEFORE/DURING
      - Summative After
    - Informal vs formal
    - Paper-Pencil vs Performance
    - Traditional vs Authentic
    - Standardized texts vs teacher- developed
    - Criterion-Referenced vs Norm-Referenced
  - Enhancing Learning through Formative Assessments and Other Assessment Practices
    - Rubric
    - Dynamic assessment
  - Important Qualities of Good Assessments
    - Standarsization
    - Validity
  - Assessing Learning and Performance Both Informally and Formally
    - Halo effect
    - Horns effect
    - Recognition task
    - Recall task
  - Taking Student Diversity into Account in Classroom Assessments
- Summarizing Students' Achievement and Abilities
  - Summarizing the Results of a Single Assessment
    - Raw Scores
    - Criterion-Referenced Scores
    - Norm-Referenced Scores
    - Standard Deviation
    - IQ Test
    - ETS score
  - Determining Final Class Grades
  - Using Portfolios
  - Standardized Tests
  - High-Stakes Testing and Accountability
    - No Child Left Behind Act
  - Taking Student Diversity into Account
  - Confidentiality and Communication about Assessment Results