Challenges to the Rural World

lake district
1. Challenges
  1. farming
    1. Lots of land is too steep
      1. to be ploughed
        so soil is infertile and rocky
    2. though climate
      1. temperature falls by 1 degree every 150m in height
        more days of frost higher up
      2. Lots of snow in mountains
        From October to May
      3. less sun on the mountains
        compared to the coast
      4. lots more rain
    3. hard so not many young people want to stay
  2. Tourism
    1. Cause congestion on roads
    2. Positves
      1. Lots of money
      2. Lots of work
      3. without it there would probably be few services
        like buses
      4. brings investment
    3. seasonal employment
      1. low paid
      2. part time
  3. Rural isolation
    1. Far from cities
      1. like Manchester
    2. flood and cold cut people off
    3. long journey to school
    4. most local roads and windy
      1. cause congestion due to more cars from tourists
      2. hard to survive without a car
  4. Counter urbanisation
    1. Ageing population
      1. young people moving away
    2. increasing population
      1. older people moving from cities to retire
      2. causing problems with housing
  5. Housing
    1. Lots of second homes
      1. and holiday lets
        lead to increasing prices
        unaffordable for locals
      2. an lead to businesses being closed
        because people are not there to spend money most of the time
      3. 40% in Ambleside
  6. Changing services
    1. financial cuts causing bus services to reduce
    2. in villages shops face competition
      1. causing pubs to close down etc...
    3. hospitals are only in large towns
      1. can be gard to get to in summer traffic
2. Cumbria
3. Popular National Park
4. Work
  1. Tourism
    1. hotels
    2. Restaurants
    3. provides 33% of jobs
  2. Farming
    1. Only 2%
    2. few job oppurtunities
      1. because it's cheaper to higher contractors to do the work
    3. landscape would look very different with out it
  3. Tertiary
  4. little in quarternary industries
    1. few high paying
5. attractive landscape for activities and sightseeing
Diversification
1. Low Sizergh Barn
  1. dairy farm
    1. educates people about countryside
      1. & where food comes from
  2. gift shop and cafe
    1. sells own produce
  3. farm based
  4. Lake distrcit
2. Holmescales
  1. hold corprete events for companies
    1. to develop team skills
    2. e.g paintballing
      1. & adventure challenges
  2. family events too!
  3. Non farm based
3. because...
  1. business is threatened
    1. because of sudden events
  2. whole income can be risked by one event
    1. tripled hay prices in snowy winters of 09 and 10
    2. Chernobyl explosion brought contaminated rain
  3. have to expand business for a second income
  4. EU encourages it and gives grants for it
4. widen range of goods and services
  1. farmbased
    1. or not
      1. e.g. campsites
      2. activites use farmland for different purposes
        include other tourist facilites
        drawing people to the lake district
        day activities
        or specialist holidays
    2. e.g. organic farming or farm shops
Malawi
1. Middle Shire
  1. Southern Malawi
  2. Soil ersoion
    1. pressure to create more farmland
      1. due to rising demand for food
        due to rising popuation
      2. increasing price of tobacoo
        people have to grow more to make the same amount of money
    2. deforestation
      1. Malawi has lost 13% of forests
      2. impacts
        heavy rain on clear slopes lead to surface run off
        causing soil erosion
        rivers and lakes have silted up with eroded soil
        silting behind HEP dams reduces water flow
        and reducing production of HEP
        threatened eco-tourism
        varying wildlife at risk
        destruction of habitat
    3. saving the soil
      1. intergovernmental organisation
        Japanese and Malawi government
      2. project: COVAMS
        community vitalization and afforesttion in Middle Shire
        involves locals conserving soil and re-planting trees
        tackling causes of problem
        building rock barriers across streams
        to reduce soil loss in rainy seasons
        training villagers in conserving soil and tree planting
        steep hillsides are 'stepped' to reduce surface run-off
        growing fast growing trees to restore forests
        intermediate technology
        local materials
        low-tech solutions
        has improved crop yields & production of HEP due to a reduction in silt
2. Challenges
  1. problems for farmers
    1. increasing fertiliser costs
      1. unaffordable
      2. without fertilisers
        farmers produce less
        farmers earn less
      3. due to rising oil costs
    2. Falling tobacco prices
      1. lots of farmers rely on tobbacco and lost all their money
    3. climate change
      1. will affect Africa more than any other continent
      2. causing
        water shortages
        as temperature rises
        decreasing rainfall
        drought more often
        steams and rivers dry up
        Food shortages
        caused by water shortages
        Increased desertifcation
    4. Lives are limited to low crop yields
      1. don't have enough money for medical care or school fees
  2. rural isolation
    1. Isolated with poor infrastructure
      1. when roads flood
        rural areas can be cut off
      2. can take several hours to travel just 20km to market towns
      3. rural telecommunications vary
        services are slow and congested
        government is encouraging mobile phone usage
        as it is easier than developing landlines
  3. Rural-Urban Migration
    1. lots of families in the Northare trapped in poverty
      1. lives are limited by
        low crop yields
        small plots
        low wages on plantations
        paying for school and health care
        limited health care facilities
        rural families have poorer health
        primary school is free
        secondary school can cost a family a years income
    2. solution
      1. lots of young men go to cities in search for work
        then send money home to increase family income
        this means that lots of women and young children are left behind
3. Varying rural economy
  1. 80% of population works in farming
    1. country depends on cash crops for exports
  2. Cash crop plantations
    1. plantations were set up by British
      1. produce most of countries exports
        e.g. tea
    2. some still owned by British TNCs
    3. employ lots of locals
    4. exploit those who pick the leaves
      1. only get about 0.5% of selling price
  3. Tobacco tenants
    1. Tobacco earns 10% of Malawi's GDP
    2. almost all tobacco growers are tobacco tenants
    3. lots are children
      1. Malawi has highest child labour rate in southern Africa
        about 78000 work
    4. Tbacco owners allocate farmers a plot to produce a specific amout
      1. owners lend them fertilisers etc
        take out costs from future profits
      2. supposed to supply food
        but often runs out
      3. many workers
        lack medication
        lack proper housing
        lack clean water
        cannot aford to live without children working
  4. Small holders
    1. majority of farmers
    2. 1.8 family farmers
      1. average of 1 hectare of land per family
        most just farm half a hectare
      2. provide 80% of Malawi's food
    3. subsitance farming
      1. growing maize etc...
      2. little income
        can'r invest in fertiliser
        become expensive due to collapse of economy
    4. people with bigger plots
      1. produce small quantities of cash crops
        though money is usually used for school and health care
4. Improvements
  1. development organisations
    1. Governments
      1. national
      2. reigonal
    2. International governmental organisations
    3. Non-governmental organisations
      1. Oxfam
  2. Mushrooms
    1. Malawi's government set up
      1. Sustainable livelihoods programme
        promoting growing mushrooms
        new source of income
      2. funded by UN
    2. helping people grow mushrooms by
      1. providing training
      2. offering micro loans
        to buy first mushroom compost
      3. paying for advertising programme
        promoting mushrooms as high protein and medicinal properties
    3. advantages
      1. cheap
      2. sustainable
        can use their own waste
        to make compost
    4. Success!
      1. extra income is being used for further developments
        first 2 storey home in village bulit
        bakeries started
  3. Fish Farming
    1. NGO project
      1. helping
        Familes affected by HIV/AIDS
        often fall into poverty
        less able to work
    2. 15 locations
      1. in Malawi
    3. help by
      1. digging small rein-fed pond
        designed for special species
        tilapia
        feed on aquatic plants and kitchen waste
    4. children and elderly can help out
    5. benefits
      1. cheap
        fish are fed on waste
      2. regular incoem
      3. provides nutrients
        Calcium
        vitamin A
        protein
      4. led to fall in child malnutrition
      5. provides water for crops in droughts
      6. sediment at bottom makes good fertiliser
    6. success
      1. doubled income of 1200 households
      2. increased fish and veg consumption
      3. quadrupled fiah farmers
      4. benefit women
        30 % of those taking part
India
1. Biogas
  1. benefits
    1. cooking with produces less smoke
      1. = less lung conditions
    2. women and girls don't spend as long collecting firewood
      1. have time to go to school
    3. cows are kept in the family compund
      1. making dung collection easier
    4. after digestion sludge makes good fertiliser
    5. methane produced can power electricity generators
Bangladesh
1. Grameen Bank
  1. micro-fiance
  2. began 1974
    1. helping a few families to help them create bussiness items to sell
      1. the scheme grew
      2. by lending small, short term loans
  3. concentrates on ending to:
    1. women
      1. it's harder for them to get money from other banks
    2. communities for wells etc...
Farm Systems
1. simple structure
  1. what goes in determines what goes out
2. Inputs
  1. what a farmer invests in a farm
  2. physical
    1. relief (height and slope of land)
    2. climate (amount of rain and sun)
    3. soil quality
  3. Human
    1. rent or bank loan
    2. labour required
    3. cost of fertilisers and machinery etc...
    4. energy costs
  4. Custom
    1. land ownership rights
3. Processes
  1. jobs done to turn inputs to outputs
    1. and the challenges that encourage or prevent this
    2. ploughing
    3. sowing
    4. harvesting
    5. shearing wool
  2. challenges
    1. Physical
      1. flooding or drought
      2. winter whether
    2. Human
      1. Changes to family
      2. changes in prices
4. Outputs
  1. any products and what happens to them
  2. products for sale
    1. cash crops
    2. animal produce
  3. products to be consumed
    1. by owner
      1. subsistence crops
      2. animal prodce
    2. for use on farm
      1. manure
      2. seed for the following year
      3. young animal stock
South Africa
1. John Taolo Gaetsewe
  1. district in Northern Cape provience
  2. faces major health chllenges
  3. access to health care is limited
2. a medical team from a TNC working near desicided to help
  1. set up mobile health clinics
    1. bring health care to remote locations
      1. offering check-ups and treatment
  2. will pay for 2 years
    1. will then hand responsibility to government

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Challenges to the Rural World

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	Created by juliasutton over 10 years ago