English Exam

English Exam

1. Clauses

   • Independent Clauses
     • expresses complete thought and can stand alone
     • every sentence contains one or more independent clause
     • 1 clause: One group of indigenous people of the arctic regions is the Inuit.
     • 2 clauses: They live in the cold north, and they are hunters rather than farmers.
   • Dependent (subordinate) clauses
     • doesn't express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence
     • to make it a complete sentence you must add a dependent clause to an independent
     • After they lived in the Arctic,
     • Because they lived,
     • Adjective Clauses
       • function as adjectives
         • don't have to be separated by commas
           • Inuit artists carve figures that are made of ivory.
             • That one, which is the oldest, is my favorite.
               • The expedition that Perry led was a success.
                 • The girl who Bill loved left for camp.
                   • A journey, when it begins badly, ends worse.
       • modify the noun or pronoun
         • that
           • which
             • whom
               • whose
                 • who
       • Adverb Clause
         • function as adverbs
           • modify an adjective or adverb
             • after
               • because
                 • although
                   • as
                     • before
                       • if
                         • since
                           • than
                             • unless
                               • until
                                 • where
                                   • while
             • While the weather is warm, many hunters live in tents.
               • Do cats eat more than dogs do?
                 • When a journey begins badly, it ends worse.
         • Subordinating Clause
           • how, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what conditions
           • Gerald behaved as though he was angry.
             • We came when we were called.
       • Noun Clause
         • function as nouns
           • how
             • that
               • what
                 • whatever
                   • when
                     • whether
                       • whom
                         • whose
                           • why
           • Can also be an object of a preposition
             • The Inuit knew the igloos were sturdy.
               • The loser is whoever is last.
         • What I liked best about my trip is when we went swimming.
   • subject and verb

2. Phrases

   • Noun absolute phrases
     • a group of words beginning with a noun followed by a
       • participial
         • participial phrase
           • prepositional phrase
             • adjective/adverbs
       • added to independent clause and modifies entire clause
         • Sunglasses propped on top of her head, Maddie stewed.
           • A sad man, face stained with tears, finally smiled.
   • Not a complete sentence
   • Appositive Phrase
     • noun phrase identifying person, place, or thing
     • who is ___?
       • what is ___?
     • Dan, an ex-police man who never lost his manner, barked an order.
   • Participle
     • come from a verb form but function as adjectives
       • -ing, -ed, or irregular
         • beginning, s/v split, or the end
       • Participial phrase
         • a participle + other descriptive words
           • Slithering out of the dark corner, the snake inched towards the mouse .
     • Hissing and coiling, the snake inched towards the mouse.
       • Shivering, we dove in the pool.
   • Gerund Phrase
     • verb form ending in -ing
       • used as a noun
     • Barton was proud of founding the American Red Cross.
       • Reading at the library was a hobby of Linda's.
   • Prepositional Phrase
     • includes object of preposition and any description words
       • Taylor Swift called her loyal fans by their nicknames.

3. Sentence Structure

   • Simple
     • one independent clause and no dependent clause
       • The Andes are in South America.
   • Compound
     • two or more independent clauses
       • The Amazon River is the longest river in South America, but the Nile is the world's longest river.
   • Complex
     • one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
       • Glaciers and rocky valleys dot the south trip of South America, which is a great place to live.
   • Compound-Complex
     • two or more independent clauses and one subordinate clause
       • We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

4. Voice

   • Active
     • Ella ate the apple.
   • Passive
     • The apple was eaten by Ella.

5. Adjective Shift

   • Dazed and confused, I ran.

6. Literary Analysis

   • What does a character learns?
   • To Build a Fire
     • Most Dangerous Game
       • In order to survive, a person must be calm
     • Know the power of nature

7. **GOOGLE REGRET SHORT STORY**

8. Literary Techniques

   • Alliteration
     • repitition of consonant sounds
       • The dog darted across the drab grass.
   • Assonance
     • repetition of vowel sounds in non-rhyming sounds
       • Johnny went here and there and everywhere.
   • Onomatopoeia
     • use of words that echo their meanings
   • Imagery
     • descriptive words and phrases that recreate sensory experiences
       • Water cascaded down the rocks, green light glinting off the boat.
   • Simile
     • comparison using like or as
       • Her hair was soft as silk.
   • Metaphor
     • comparison between 2 things that are unlike
       • Words are bullets and should be used wisely.
   • Hyperbole
     • Truth is exaggerated
       • I needed a truck to carry all my homework!
   • Personification
     • inanimate object human like qualities
       • The fog crept in on cat feet.
   • Allusion
   • Paradox
     • Absurd statement that states the truth
       • A little learning is a dangerous thing.
   • Symbolism
     • person, place, object, or an activity that stands for something beyond itself
       • I threw out my cheating lover's clothes, hands shaking.
   • Connotation
     • attitude, emotion, feeling associated with a word
       • I dangled my feet out of the boat.
         • vs.
           • I drooped my feet out of the boat.
   • Denotation
     • literal dictionary meaning