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4589414
More foundation of Outremer
Description
AS - Level History (Crusades Year 1) Mind Map on More foundation of Outremer, created by Oliver Callaghan on 20/02/2016.
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history
crusades year 1
as - level
Mind Map by
Oliver Callaghan
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Oliver Callaghan
over 8 years ago
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Resource summary
More foundation of Outremer
Defending Outremer
manpower problems
strong fortification garrisoned by small number of men
money raised used for mercenaries
lords on armed pilgramages - temporary army
but hard to control - Fulk of Anjou
1101, 08, 20
use of feudal system as money & land fiefs
church & towns - quotas of sergeants
light cav recruited from local christians
Pisa/Genoa/Venice
Standing army of Military Orders
Family links with west - raymond of poitiers as son
Military tactics
rigid/tight knit lines - stopped turks breaking Frankish lines
needed lots of frankish discipline against missiles & feint
formation on march
well supplied bases & supply columns
intelligence system - offset lack of maps
cav tactics by squadron
but rare due to expense of horses
professional infantry
retreated to fortified place
risk of battle (Harran 1104 .. Blood & Ramla)
wanted to save manpower
Castles
restored & enlarged town walls
Baldwin I Montreal Castle 1115
control Dead Sea valleys and Gulf of Aqaba
reinforced walls of Jerusalem 1116
Defensive role
to protect routes of communcication ,trade and protection for local population
observation posts to check enemy movements at mountain passes, river crossings and on coast
Krak des Chevaliers dominated Homs Pass in Tripoli
Bagras Castle Beylan Pass Antioch
Ibelin/Blanchegarde on Egyptian border between Gaza & Jerusalem
Gaza guarded road between Jerusalem & Egypt
Belvior Castle for eastern edge of Jerusalem & Rover Jordan Valley
Offensive
base for garrisons
raided enemy territory
supply dumps
Admin
bases for collection of taxes
held council of princes
Economic - centres of trade & markets
Symbolic - relation to indestructibility of Outremer
Ellenblum's research
first gen castles 1099-1115
fortified 20 existing castles
eight new ones
mainly in settlements they took from Muslims
2nd gen castles 1115-1169
new castles in rural & remote areas
centres of agriculture
relative carm - more bothered about admin & economics
Phillips argues castles built to south of kingdom more defensive
from Fatimid Egyptians
Arnaldi 32-33
Built by kings
Military Orders
Knights Templar
founded by knight Hugh of Payens
Baldwin I gave them house that was Temple of Solomon
white robe - left dark life behind them
monastic vow of poverty, chastitiy & obedience
answered to Pope only (God)
Main Duties
protect travelling pilgrims
guides & escorts
given many castles and land holdings
castles of Bagras in Anticoh given 1130s
controlled Baylan Pass
main route through northern syria
1139 to 1145
Templars given special privilages by Pope
tithe (church tax) exemptions
owned 35% land middle east
pilgrims fuel economic & richer ones deposited money - templars had Louis VII France in debt in 1147
Great knowlefge of holy places
1120 recognised
Knights Hospitallers
cared for sick & injured pilgrims
given land by Baldwin I
1119 recognised as independant order
monastic vow poverty, chasitity & obedience
loyal to pope
role
Philips argues that they didn't do much medical stuff but just gave caring enviroment for weary & undernourished pilgrims
1119 they began to protect pilgrims from attack
included soldiers in it
semi-monastic + semi-military
fufill knights dilema
1136 King Fulk gave Bethgiblin Castle
tax exemptions so wealthy
but sometimes they pursued their own interests
Templars ruled indepandantly - autonomus
rivalry between Templars & Hospitallers
Clashes with KoJ's
not many of them
most 300-500
military role no there until 1130s
allowed by Canon 20 of Council of Nabulus 1120
Dynasty
Tancred Lord of Galilee seperate
Baldwin I/II's cousin was Josecelin of Courtney
Fulk dies 1143
Antioch
Remember Roger of Salerno as regent
Bohemond II married Alice
he died 1130
Raymond of Poitiers comes from west to marry Alice
but Alice wanted to be ruleralone
birth to Constance
Tripoli
Raymond - Bertrand 1105 - Pons
Edessa
Joscelin of Courtney 18-31
31 onward Joscelin II
Kings of Jerusalem 1131-1149
Baldwin II married Armenian Morphia of Melitene
no sons
4 daughters including Melisende
Fulk V of Anjou persuaded persauded by High of Payns
to bring military to aid attack on Damascus which failed
Fulk Married Melisene 1129 - Baldwin II died 31 - inherited joint crown with Melisene & Baldwin III
Political Tensions in Jerusalem
the accession of Fulk/Melisende to throne
tension between
Montlhery family
Baldwin II, Melisene & Count Hugh of Jaffa
Angevins
Count Fulk of Anjou's new supporters
Fulk put Angevins into key positions
angered established lords
he also sidelined Melisende
1134 Count Hugh of Jaffa rebelled
supported Melisende against husband
Hugh due to trial by combat
but retreated to Ascalon
agreement with Muslims vs. Fulk
Hugh's supporters turned against him
Hugh gave up rebellion & stabbed killed
Fulk implicated in murder
Melisende furious as Hugh was her cousin
problems in Antioch (Alice) needed attention so Fulk gave Melisende greater control & gave her a psalter as peace offering
Melisende's Psalter
contains 150 psalms
richly decorated
Mixed Armenia, Latin, Frank, Christianity and Greek (Byzantine) together - shows Frankish assimilation
Fulk Built
Castru Arnaldi 32/3
Bethgibelin 36
Ibelin 41
Blanclagorde 42
Protected south of KoJ
Problems with Byzantine Emperor John Comnenus 37/8 & 42/3
John Comnenus angry he hadn't been involved in decision over who to marry Constance as he was overlord
37 - he arrived at Antioch high army - opportunity to increase Byzantine influence gone
John says if Raymond gets Aleppo/Shaizer he can ramin in control
Raymond didn't capture it so John went to Antioch but died first
Queen Melisende
After Fulk died 1143
Melisende ruled as regent to son Baldwin III
but refused to give up position 1145
Melisende couldn't partake in military
but William of Tyre said she had 'great wisdom'
took part in council at Acre in 2nd Crusade & argued Ascalon should be a target
Changing political structure
Asbridge argues politics of the east had changed since Baldwin I/II
who basically ruled as autocrats
princes expected autonomy
consulation with nobles & church
high court most important forum for decision making
John Le Morte agued position of king was first among equals
but Prawer argued that it had changes to interaction between other powerful groups like Italians, princes & orders
Melisende faced conflicting interests
prior to 2nd crusade Frankish nobility prevented response to Muslim counter crusade
Baldwin III
1152 rebelled against mother
forced her to surrender
till 1163 he ruled
but influenced by Melisende until 1161
captured Ascalon 1153
so not viewed as proper ruler
Relations with Byzantium
during 1st crusade
Alexius escorted peasants & told them to wait for knights
Tatikios gave guidance & support & supplies
Siege of Nicea Jun 97 blocked lake Askania
Dorylaeum 1st Jul 97 Tatikios advnice not to follow feint
Bohemond withstood loads of missiles
Supplies were never enough
Stephen of Blois told Alexius to turn around
Bohemond Establish Antioch as principaility breaking oath
Bohemond ejected Greek Patriarch & bad relations and view of Byzantium
Bohemond's Crusade 07/08
Pope Paschal II (99-18) supported him
violant propaganda campaign
westerners through byzantium was eveil and treacherous
Alexius defeated him
treaty of devol 1108
allowed Bohemond to hold Antioch as Alexius' subject
Byzantine relations stayed silent after Devol because
John occupied with Petchang tribes
Troubles with Venetian fleets
Byzantines satisfied with overlordship
Tancred
Tyerman argues he was 'real founded of Antioch'
recovered Cilicia & extended its frontiers - south to Shaizar & east to Aleppo
Tancred ignored Treaty of Devol but Alexius ignored him as he had worrying things
turks & fleets of ships e.g. ..
John 1137 arrived Antioch
he was angered he had no say over who Constance
should marry
she married Raymond of Poiters
he wanted his own son Manuel to marry her
King Fulk submitted to him
Fulk needed support vs. Zengi
Fulk agreed to take Aleppo * Shaizar as fief
but he failed so John returned in 1143
but didn't get to Antioch as he died along the way
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