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Carbohydrates

Energy sources & structural materials in organisms
Monosaccharides
1. Simple sugars
2. Fructose: Sweeter than glucose, very soluble & it's in fruit
3. Galactose: Production of glycoproteins and glycolipids
4. Glucose
5. All reducing sugars
Disaccharides
1. Maltose = 2 glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
2. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
3. Lactose = Galactose + Glucose joined by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
4. Formed by condensation reactions
5. Some are reducing sugars
Glucose - C6H1206
1. Abundant, 6 carbon atoms: hexose sugar, soluble
2. Main carbohydrate transported around the body
3. Structural Isomers
  1. Alpha Glucose: -OH group = Below carbon
  2. Beta Glucose
4. Transportation of glucose
  1. 1) Diffusion into blood:
    1. Carbohydrates broken down-higher conc. glucose in the intestine than blood
      2. Moves across the epithelial cells of the small intestine -> equillibrium
  2. 2) Active transport
    1. a)In epithelial cells, Na+ actively transported across EC -> blood, by: Na potassium pump
      1. b) Na+ diffuses from small intestine to cell, down their conc. gradient. Via: Sodium-glucose co-transporter protein
        Carries glucose into the cell with the sodium -> conc. of glucose in cell increases
        c) Glucose -> out of cell -> into blood, down its conc. gradient through a protein channel
        Facilitated by diffusion
5. Co-Transporters: Bind 2 molecules at a time. Conc. gradient of 1 molecule = moves the other against its conc.gradient
Polysaccharides
1. Condensation reactions
2. Mainly energy stores & structural components of cells
3. Starch
  1. Many alpha glucose molecules, arranged in two structural units
  2. Amylase: unbranched chains & helical structure
    1. Coiled shape= more compact -> good for storage
  3. Amylopectin: Alpha 1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds, highly branched chains, good surface area
    1. Easy for enzymes to reach the glycosidic bonds and break them
  4. Combined chains = insoluble in water -> can be stored in plants without the cells bloating by osmosis
4. Cellulose
  1. Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
    1. Long straight chains
    2. Strong fibres provide structural support from cells
  2. Hydrogen bonding beween chains
  3. Every other 180 degrees rotated so the oxygen's adjacent
  4. Parallel groups = Fibres
  5. Bonds between the chains are strong ( microfibris
  6. Major component of plant cells cell walls
5. Glycogen
  1. Shorter chains than starch
    1. More readily hydrolysed to a-glucose
  2. Highly branched
  3. Major carb. storage product of animals
  4. Less dense & more soluble than starch
  5. Broken down more rapidly than starch, indicating higher metabolic requirements of animals, compared to plants
Lipids
1. Roles
  1. Insulation
  2. Energy store
  3. Waterproofing
  4. Protection of organs
2. Triglycerides
  1. Most abundant
  2. Have ester bonds
  3. Have one fatty acid
3. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds such as ethanol
4. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have a higher portion of hydrogen & lower of oxygen
5. Saturated: Single bonds between carbon atoms: Molecule = Straight
  1. Solid at room temperature, can be compressed & harder to break down
6. Unsaturated: Contain double bonds between C-C = 'kink' in the chain
  1. Liquid at room temperature, easier to breakdown
Phospholipids
1. Component of cell membranes
2. Contains glycerol, 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group
3. Amphipathic: Head end: Hydrophilic, Tail: Hydrophobic
  1. Inside of the cell: Allows H20, outside=waterproof

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Carbohydrates

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	Created by Cococourts over 10 years ago