4982509
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Mind Map by Orphee Hollis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Orphee Hollis
about 8 years ago
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Lenin - Yeltsin 1917-1991: Theme 1
Communist Government
- LENIN
- TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK1918 -
end to Russian involvement in
WWI, lost control of a large
amount of land, resulting in
national humiliation. This
spurred on Bolshevik opposition,
leading to the civil war.
- THE CIVIL WAR - the Whites (opposition to
the Bolsheviks) received help from the allies
who we're against Russia leaving the war,
however, due to poor organisation, by late
1920 Bolshevik rule was extended across the
country. Much of the commendation for this
was to be awarded to Trotsky who was War
Commissar from 1918. During civil war
government control over the economy was
extended and large scale nationalisation of
industry was implemented. The war
encouraged the Bolsheviks to adopt a highly
authoritarian and centrally controlled
system.
- Party growth from civil war: 1917-300,000 to 1921-730,000. At the 1921
PARTY CONGRESS Lenin put forward the ban on factions to ensure party
unity was maintained. This came at a time of increased Bolshevik anxiety
over their hold (Tambov Rising and Kronstadt Mutiny)
- Party growth from civil war: 1917-300,000 to 1921-730,000. At the 1921
PARTY CONGRESS Lenin put forward the ban on factions to ensure party
unity was maintained. This came at a time of increased Bolshevik anxiety
over their hold (Tambov Rising and Kronstadt Mutiny)
- THE CIVIL WAR - the Whites (opposition to
the Bolsheviks) received help from the allies
who we're against Russia leaving the war,
however, due to poor organisation, by late
1920 Bolshevik rule was extended across the
country. Much of the commendation for this
was to be awarded to Trotsky who was War
Commissar from 1918. During civil war
government control over the economy was
extended and large scale nationalisation of
industry was implemented. The war
encouraged the Bolsheviks to adopt a highly
authoritarian and centrally controlled
system.
- APPARATUS OF
GOVERNMENT
- THE SOVNARKOM
took the role of a
cabinet of top gov
ministers, responsible
for decision making
and giving gov orders.
Its officials were CP
members.
- Apparatus of state was now in
the hands of the party,
meaning party leadership was
the highest power in decision
making. Power was
centralised in the hands of
the Politburo. This was mainly
to aid decision making during
the civil war, but it became
entrenched afterwards.
- THE SOVNARKOM
took the role of a
cabinet of top gov
ministers, responsible
for decision making
and giving gov orders.
Its officials were CP
members.
- APPARATUS OF
THEPARTY
- POLITBURO - key decision
making body made up of
Party leaders . Decisions
implemented by the
Sovnarkom.
- THE
NOMENKLATURA
SYSTEM - a list of
spproved party
members who were
eligble for
promotion -
controlled by the
general secretary.
- POLITBURO - key decision
making body made up of
Party leaders . Decisions
implemented by the
Sovnarkom.
- LENINS PERSONAL CONTROL -
although he denied any form of
personal dictatorship, he wielded
significant influence and could
bring party into line through
threatening to resign (example:
Treaty of Brest Litovsk signing.
- The USSR was in theory
unitary however Party base in
Moscow was firmly in control
of the various republics.
- TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK1918 -
end to Russian involvement in
WWI, lost control of a large
amount of land, resulting in
national humiliation. This
spurred on Bolshevik opposition,
leading to the civil war.
- CREATING ONE PARTY
STATE- Bolshevik opposition
included other left wing
groups(SRs and Mensheviks),
groups on the right (Tsarists
and the middle class), and
nationalist groups within the
empire
- The Bolsheviks attempted to deal
with other Communist groups
through cooperation however their
place in the government did not last
long. THE CONTITUENT ASSEMBLY
was called in 1918, the SRs emerged
on top as the largest party so after
only one meeting Lenin dissolved it.
- Destruction of other political parties - removal of right
to vote from bourgeoisie stripped parties of a reservoir
of support, restrictions on publishing for SRs and
Mensheviks, by 1921 all other parties were effectively
banned, during 1st 3 months of 1921 5,000 Mensheviks
arrested + further waves of arrests until the
Mensheviks and SRs ceased to exist as organised
parties.
- The Bolsheviks attempted to deal
with other Communist groups
through cooperation however their
place in the government did not last
long. THE CONTITUENT ASSEMBLY
was called in 1918, the SRs emerged
on top as the largest party so after
only one meeting Lenin dissolved it.
- STALIN
- POST LENIN
POWER
STUGGLE
- ROLE OF GENERAL SCRETARY -
He took on the role in 1922. The
GS had access to over 26,000
personal files of Party members,
would set the agenda for party
meetings, responsible for the
Lenin Employment - meaning he
was in control of employment
for industrial workers within the
party - they owed their loyalty
to him, the GS also responsible
for promoting people within the
party
- THE LEFT of the party leadership were
dealt with in 1926 - expelled from the party
after being accused of forming factions. He
then outmanoeuvred THE RIGHT after their
expressed opposition to his launch of the 5
year plans. They were removed from the
Moscow party branch on Stalins orders.
The collective style of leadership under
Lenin was no more,
- THE LEFT of the party leadership were
dealt with in 1926 - expelled from the party
after being accused of forming factions. He
then outmanoeuvred THE RIGHT after their
expressed opposition to his launch of the 5
year plans. They were removed from the
Moscow party branch on Stalins orders.
The collective style of leadership under
Lenin was no more,
- ROLE OF GENERAL SCRETARY -
He took on the role in 1922. The
GS had access to over 26,000
personal files of Party members,
would set the agenda for party
meetings, responsible for the
Lenin Employment - meaning he
was in control of employment
for industrial workers within the
party - they owed their loyalty
to him, the GS also responsible
for promoting people within the
party
- THE PURGES OF THE 1930S -
- INSTRUMENTS OF TERROR: the Party
Secretariat -collected info on Party
members,, the secret police - originally The
Cheka under Lenin but evolved into the
NKVD in 1934
- THE CHISTKA 1932-1935:
designed to remove
officials to speed up the
implementation of
economic policy. By 1935
22% of the party had been
removed from posts
- WHY? There was increasing criticism
of Stalin's policies by 1932 e.g.
Ryutin's critical publication of Stalin,
criticisms from party officials of Five
Year Plan targets, and Kirov receiving
a wave of support following his
criticisms at the Seventh Party
Congress of 1934.
- THE SHOW TRIALS - 1935-36 there was a
wave of arrests of member of the Left
Opposition which led to a series of show
trials: The Trial of the Sixteen, The Trial of
the Seventeen, and The Trial of the
Twenty-one. The proceedings were relayed
to the Soviet population via radio and film
footage
- PURGES IN THE RED
ARMY 1937-38: 3/5
marshals were purged.
PURGE OF THE SECRET
POLICE - Yezhov oversaw
the purging of over 3,000
secret police personnel.
Both of these
organisations were
growing in influence and
becoming a threat to
Stalin.
- PURGES IN THE RED
ARMY 1937-38: 3/5
marshals were purged.
PURGE OF THE SECRET
POLICE - Yezhov oversaw
the purging of over 3,000
secret police personnel.
Both of these
organisations were
growing in influence and
becoming a threat to
Stalin.
- THE SHOW TRIALS - 1935-36 there was a
wave of arrests of member of the Left
Opposition which led to a series of show
trials: The Trial of the Sixteen, The Trial of
the Seventeen, and The Trial of the
Twenty-one. The proceedings were relayed
to the Soviet population via radio and film
footage
- THE MURDER OF
KIROV 1934 - the
official explanation
was that it was led
by Zinoviev and
Kamenev who were
sentenced to
imprisonment
- INSTRUMENTS OF TERROR: the Party
Secretariat -collected info on Party
members,, the secret police - originally The
Cheka under Lenin but evolved into the
NKVD in 1934
- POWER
OVER PARTY
AND STATE
- To ensure personal power, the
original politburo members of
1924 had been replaced by
Stalin's cronies. GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONS such as the
Politburo met less frequently - by
mid 1930s the Politburo met only
9time a year. During meetings
Stalin would intimidate members
into agreement with him.
- TRENDS UNDER LENIN THAT
CONTRIBUTED TO STALIN'S
POWER - the growth of the
party bureaucracy, the failure
of political institutions to
develop, and the use of terror.
- TRENDS UNDER LENIN THAT
CONTRIBUTED TO STALIN'S
POWER - the growth of the
party bureaucracy, the failure
of political institutions to
develop, and the use of terror.
- The Soviet Constitution of 1936 - all
Soviet Citizens given the right to vote,
only Communist Party candidates could
stand for elections. Aim of the
constitution was to convince countries
such as France and Britain of the
democratic nature of the new
Communist USSR.
- LIMITS TO STALINS POWER - Stalin
literally wouldn't be able to survey
all the material necessary to keep
on top of all events in the USSR.
LIMIST FROM WITHIN LEADERSHIP
politburo refused the execution of
Ryutin, Stalin was forced to
redraft the Second Five-Year Plan
after Politburo members criticised
its targets for being too high,
growing popularity of Kirov who
received more votes than Stalin in
elections to Central Committee in
1934, growing exressed concern
for Stalins use of terror e.g.
Ordzhonikidze the Commissar for
Heavy Industry who raised
objections during Politburo
meeting.
- LIMITS FROM BELOW - party
members lower down were
becoming overzealous with
the success of the
implementation of
collectivisation. The purges at
local level were difficult for
Stalin to control and they
often resulted in conflicts
between local Party
members and regiounal
authorities.
- LIMITS FROM BELOW - party
members lower down were
becoming overzealous with
the success of the
implementation of
collectivisation. The purges at
local level were difficult for
Stalin to control and they
often resulted in conflicts
between local Party
members and regiounal
authorities.
- To ensure personal power, the
original politburo members of
1924 had been replaced by
Stalin's cronies. GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONS such as the
Politburo met less frequently - by
mid 1930s the Politburo met only
9time a year. During meetings
Stalin would intimidate members
into agreement with him.
- 1941 - 1945:
WWII
- Propaganda was used to appaeal to
Russian nationalism and Stalin was
presented as a figue of national unity,
enhancing his power. He emerged from
the Second World War as a hero of the
Soviet people. Soviet victory was
attributed to his strong leadership.
- HIGH STALINIST 1945 - 1953: Party leadership moved
quickly to reassert its control through terror after it
had relaxed during the war. Concessions such as the
Orthodox Church were withdrawn. As Stalin grew
older, rivalry began to grow within the party for who
would replace him. To destroy this threat to his
power, he removed the Party Congress and carried
out a purge in 1951 of some of Beria's allies, who
was one of his possible opponents. Stalins power
within the party had been in decline since 1945
despite his grpwth of public support - seen
specifically in his was of admiration after his 70th
birthday.
- HIGH STALINIST 1945 - 1953: Party leadership moved
quickly to reassert its control through terror after it
had relaxed during the war. Concessions such as the
Orthodox Church were withdrawn. As Stalin grew
older, rivalry began to grow within the party for who
would replace him. To destroy this threat to his
power, he removed the Party Congress and carried
out a purge in 1951 of some of Beria's allies, who
was one of his possible opponents. Stalins power
within the party had been in decline since 1945
despite his grpwth of public support - seen
specifically in his was of admiration after his 70th
birthday.
- Propaganda was used to appaeal to
Russian nationalism and Stalin was
presented as a figue of national unity,
enhancing his power. He emerged from
the Second World War as a hero of the
Soviet people. Soviet victory was
attributed to his strong leadership.
- POST LENIN
POWER
STUGGLE
- KHRUSHCHEV
- REFORMATION
AND
DE-STALINISATION
- After Stalin's death 3 key Politburo
members. Beria, Malenkov and
Khrushchev formed a collective
leadership. Beria was fear by his fellow
Communist leaders and was executed
on likely false charges in 1953. Later
that year Khrushchev became the First
Secretary of the Communist Party (the
new name for General Secretary) and
used the position to in the Presidium.
He also filled the Central Committee
with his cronies - his main opponents
had therefore been removed by 1956.
- THE 'SECRET SPEECH'
1956: made at the
Twentieth Party Congress.
Khrushchev criticised
Stalin's cult of personality,
tyrannical style of ruling,
unnecessary use of terror
and economic mistakes.
- FEATURES OF DE-STALINISATION: regular
meetings of the presidium and Central
Committee resumed, moves towards a
decentralised governmentwith more
power given to regional organisations ,
removal of the threat of imprisonment if
officials failed to meet targets, Secret
Police brought more firmly under party
control and no longer for individuals
benefits, loss of control for secret police
over labour camps, and finally the
release of 2 million political prisoners
between 1953 and 1960
- Despite the posative changes,
fear did not completely
disappear. Heavy punishment
remained for corruption and
critisims that exceeding Party
boundaries could result in
exile or admittance to a
psychiactric hospital.
Surveilance continued on more
technically sophisticated
grounds
- Despite the posative changes,
fear did not completely
disappear. Heavy punishment
remained for corruption and
critisims that exceeding Party
boundaries could result in
exile or admittance to a
psychiactric hospital.
Surveilance continued on more
technically sophisticated
grounds
- After Stalin's death 3 key Politburo
members. Beria, Malenkov and
Khrushchev formed a collective
leadership. Beria was fear by his fellow
Communist leaders and was executed
on likely false charges in 1953. Later
that year Khrushchev became the First
Secretary of the Communist Party (the
new name for General Secretary) and
used the position to in the Presidium.
He also filled the Central Committee
with his cronies - his main opponents
had therefore been removed by 1956.
- THE CRISIS
OF 1957
- Due to Khrushchevs plans to decentralise
decision-making, which would subsequently
deduct from the power of party leadership,
an attempt to remove him from leadership
was carried out by Molotov and Malenkov.
Khrushchev demanded the issue go through
the Central Committee, a cunning move as
it was full of his allies. They voted against
the matter and Khrushchev remained in
power. He did not, as Stalin would have,
have them executed ,exiled, or even
removed from the party. In 1958 he became
Prime Minister.
- Due to Khrushchevs plans to decentralise
decision-making, which would subsequently
deduct from the power of party leadership,
an attempt to remove him from leadership
was carried out by Molotov and Malenkov.
Khrushchev demanded the issue go through
the Central Committee, a cunning move as
it was full of his allies. They voted against
the matter and Khrushchev remained in
power. He did not, as Stalin would have,
have them executed ,exiled, or even
removed from the party. In 1958 he became
Prime Minister.
- REFORMS OF THE PARTY - Stalin's
body was removed from beside
Lenin's in the Red Square, there was
a major purge of local Party
secretaries, 1962 Khrushchev
divided the Party into agricultural
and industrial departments,
reducing power of party officials,
Khrushchev limited length of party
officials terms to 3 years enhancing
the resentment of party officials for
him.
- DOWNFALL OF
KHRUSHCHEV
- REASONS - economic mistakes, the
humiliating back down during the Cuban
Missile Crisis in 1962, and his erratic and
unpredictable behaviour. After a particularly
disastrous harvest in 1963 - a result of his
failed agriculture policies - he was removed
by the Central Committee. The mere fact
that this could happen showed the great
improvements he had made to the running
of the party after the tyranny of Stalin.
- REASONS - economic mistakes, the
humiliating back down during the Cuban
Missile Crisis in 1962, and his erratic and
unpredictable behaviour. After a particularly
disastrous harvest in 1963 - a result of his
failed agriculture policies - he was removed
by the Central Committee. The mere fact
that this could happen showed the great
improvements he had made to the running
of the party after the tyranny of Stalin.
- REFORMATION
AND
DE-STALINISATION
- BREZHNEV
- After seeing how Khrushchev
was removed as a result of
loss of trust from colleagues,
Brezhnev understood the
importance of side-lining any
potential rivals instantly,
putting them in the less
important roles.
- Brezhnev exercised little
personal power, he
preferred to trust Party
comrades to get on with
the details of running the
country. This was a stable
period however one of
stagnation.
- Brezhnev exercised little
personal power, he
preferred to trust Party
comrades to get on with
the details of running the
country. This was a stable
period however one of
stagnation.
- REVERSING
DE-STALINISATION
- - The division of the party into industrial
and agricultural sections was dropped. -
limits on the tenure of office removed -
main principles under Brezhnev were
collective leadership and 'trust in cadres'
and these resulted in long unbroken
tenures in jobs of party officials. - he
focussed on ensuring the politburo was
constantly consulted, putting an end to
'subjectivism' - he used role of General
Secretary to ensure Politburo members
got the right information - SOVIET
CONSTITUTION 1977 enshrined citizens
right to criticize the party and
government. Posts remained appointed
rather than elected, ARTICLE 6 asserted
the primacy of party over state.
- No return to the
use of terror.
- No return to the
use of terror.
- - The division of the party into industrial
and agricultural sections was dropped. -
limits on the tenure of office removed -
main principles under Brezhnev were
collective leadership and 'trust in cadres'
and these resulted in long unbroken
tenures in jobs of party officials. - he
focussed on ensuring the politburo was
constantly consulted, putting an end to
'subjectivism' - he used role of General
Secretary to ensure Politburo members
got the right information - SOVIET
CONSTITUTION 1977 enshrined citizens
right to criticize the party and
government. Posts remained appointed
rather than elected, ARTICLE 6 asserted
the primacy of party over state.
- GROWING
POLITICAL
STAGNATION
- The party leadership had developed
into an oligarchy, general secretary
was the most powerful oligarch.
Brezhnev had promoted his old
colleagues/cronies from his time as
Ukrainian Party boss. The Brezhnev
system was a "coalition of Politburo
oligarchs" united by the
"preservation of the status quo."
- The new system allowed corruption
to go unnoticed, particularly in
rural areas e.g. 'cotton affair'.
Nepotism was also rife with officials
ensuring jobs were given to their
family members. By the early 1980s
the Soviet leadership was becoming
a gerontocracy (increasingly aged)
1984 7/11 Politburo members were
over the age of 70.
- The party leadership had developed
into an oligarchy, general secretary
was the most powerful oligarch.
Brezhnev had promoted his old
colleagues/cronies from his time as
Ukrainian Party boss. The Brezhnev
system was a "coalition of Politburo
oligarchs" united by the
"preservation of the status quo."
- After seeing how Khrushchev
was removed as a result of
loss of trust from colleagues,
Brezhnev understood the
importance of side-lining any
potential rivals instantly,
putting them in the less
important roles.
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