Evidence for Evolution

Evidence for Evolution

1. Fossil Evidence: Records that provide a snapshot of how changes occurred in species.

   • Karaurus Sharovi
     • Karaurus was an early genus of salamander; it is know from a beautifully complete and articulated skeleton found in southern Kazakhstan. The complete skeleton was found in sediments that date to the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian).Researchers have found that they would have performed similar functions as other animals to survive to know more about them, by finding out how they compare to other species.
   • Mammals and Reptile: They have fossils supposting the evolution, like transition fossils.
   • Amphistium
     • Transition fossil of a flatfish, it shows the changes from being a symmetric to asymmetric. Flatfish are a family from Pleuronectiformes but mainly known for their asymmetric features. This fossil shows the movement of the wye from one side to the other, because the eye is seen on the forehead, as it started to move from one to another side.

2. Biogeographic Evidence: The evolving of the species because of the change in the geographic areas.

   • Polar Bears: They are one of the most unique species . They survive best in ice and cold places. They are said to have common ancestors with the brown bear and this change occurred over 35 million years ago.
     • This was the most important part of the biogeographic evolution as the original step that made changes in the world, which is the reason of the evolution. If this wasn’t suppose to happen, it may not have been true that the evolution would have been as severe, because most of the evolutionary changes of the adaptations to the food, lifestyle if nothing was ever to change. The plates naturally caused the movement of the land.
   • Distribution of Species
   • Movement of plates

3. Anatomy Evidence: The similarity in the anatomy of two different organisms, but not using the trait for same reasons.

   • Dogs and Wolves
   • Wild and domestic cats
     • Domestic dogs belong to the family Candia, and evolved from wolves. Both of them possess the same physical structures like sleek muscular bodies, sharp claws, detached shoulder blades from shoulders. Cat’s evolution has been in process for a really long time, about 4000 years ago. Domestic cats came from wild African cats, which came from lion and tigers. The proof is the tabby markings, wide eyes, body shape, eating habits and the common ancestor would be puesdraldeous. Each of them were natural selection. The humans and bat is not a process of natural selection, just a homologues trait because of evolution.
   • Human and Bats

4. Molecular Evedince: The study of molecular evolution--how gene sequences change and evolve over time.

   • Genetic Makeup: All living organisms are made up of the exact same acids and components just differs in slight combination.
     • This is one of the most strong proof of Darwin theory of all species arising from one ancestor but overtime not staying them because of mutations.
   • Humans and various Animals: There are the exact same 104 amino acids of cytochrome c protein found in humans and Chimpanzees but rhesus chimpanzees have 1 extra amino acid and horses with 11 extra amino acids.
   • Mammoths and Modern Elephants
     • Scientist had taken bones and performed chemical reaction to find the DNA, later it met with 95.8% with Asian elephants compare to African. This is because it is suggested that mammoth’s branched of 440,000 years late, making them more similar. This example shows there are less mutations in the most recent speciation. Although none of the modern elephants are the same as mammoths but the Asian ones were the ones that had most recently separated so there are less mutations and more similarities with mammoths.

5. Embryological Evidence: The evolution of the gametes that lead to produce different species.

   • Annelids and Molluscs
     • These are worms and molluscs, who are different as worms are slimy and small molluscs are similar to snails, who have a shell over them and have no particular similarities. The animals are completely different but the embryos for both of them are indistinguishable.
   • Tunicate and a Mouse
     • Mouse is a vertebrae and tunicates are invertebrate, still there is a formation of thin stiff rod which later turns into the vertebrae (backbone) in a organisms. Since, this is found in the invertebrate as well
   • Fish and Humans
     • The slits are found in the embryos of humans and fish on the neck in fish they turn out to be gills in their system that helps them breath and act as their respiratory system, so they play an important part. In humans, these are not their respiratory system but rather change into the human ear.

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