Learning; Chapter 6

Learning; Chapter 6

1. Classical Conditioning, sometimes called Pavlovian conditioning

   • Two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages of classical conditioning
     • Step 1. Before Conditioning. A Unconditional stimulis produces a unconditional response, but the neutral stimulis does not.
       • Step 2. During conditioning. The neutral stimulus is paired with the uncondtioned stimulus.
         • Step 3. After Conditioning. the neutral stimulus produces a response. The neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and the response to it is now a conditioned response,
           • Unconditioned stimulus, is a stimulus that produces a unconditioned respones without previous conditioing
             • Unconditioned Response, is a unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs because
           • Conditioned stimulus, is a oreviously neutral stimulus that has through conditioing teh capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
             • Conditioned Response, is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
               • Weakening or dissaperance of the conditioned response is EXTINCTION.
                 • SPONTANEOUS recovery, is the reapperance of the extinguished response.
                   • Stimulas gereralization, a learned response to a specific stimulas responds in the same way to new similar stimulus.
     • Phobias are often acquired through classical conditioning.
   • Evaluative conditioning, is the changes in the liking of a stimulas that results from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.

2. Operant Conditioning, a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by consequence.

   • The LAW of EFFECT, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisifying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
     • Rate of response over time is the key dependent variable in opereant conditioning. It is tracked with a deice called cumulative tracker.
       • There are four basic types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement and these are: Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule. Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule. Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule. Variable-Interval (VI) schedule.
   • Reinforcment, occurs when a event following a response increases an organisms tendancies to make the response
     • Shaping, key to training animals to do tricks. Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to the desired response.
       • Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs; food, water, sex and affection.
       • Secondary or conditioned reinfores are qualities associated with primary reinforcers, money, good grades, attention
       • Mostly but not aways voluntary, sponataeous responses.

3. Positive vrs Negative reinforcement

   • Postivie, occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus.
     • Punishment, occurs when a event following the response weakens the tendancy to make that response.
   • Negetiv, occurs when a response is strengthened with the removal of a unpleasent stimulus.
     • Avoidence learning, learning a response that prevents some aversive stimulation.
     • Escape Learning, a response learnt that decreases or ends aversive stimulation

4. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, occurs from a response influenced by the observation of others. 4 key processes are.

   • 1, Attention; must pay attention to another persons behaviour and consequences.
     • 2, Retention: Storing in your memory a mental representation of what you have witnessed
       • 3, Reproduction: the ability to repdroduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behaviour.
         • 4, Motivation: must be motivated to reproduce an observed response, when you encounter a situation

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