734380
Description
Mind Map by chloehathaway, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by chloehathaway
about 10 years ago
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Lifespan changesin sleep
- Infancy
- Babies sleep a lot more than children and adults, and also have different patterns and stages
of sleep. They tend to sleep about 16hrs a day, but their sleep is not continuous. They usually
wake up every hour because their sleep cycles are shorter than the adult 90 minute cycle.
Infants have sleep stages which are similar to adults, called quiet sleep and active sleep;
these are immature versions of SWS and REM sleep. At birth there is more active sleep than
adult REM sleep; about half of infant sleep in spent in active sleep. Adults can usually go
directly into the stage of deep sleep whereas infants in the early months sleep through an
initial period of light sleep. After 20 minutes they gradually enter deep sleep. By the age of 6
months a circadian rhythm is established and by the age of one infants are usually sleeping
mainly at night , with one or two naps during the day. The periods of deep sleep lengthen and
there is a reduction in the amounts of active/REM sleep.
- It is not known whether REM activity is
accompanied by dreaming as babies and
young children cannot provide reliable
subjective reprts
- IDA- a practical application into
lifespan changes of sleep is to
issue the recommendation to
parents on sleep patterns for
infants to try and reduce cot
death
- IDA- a practical application into
lifespan changes of sleep is to
issue the recommendation to
parents on sleep patterns for
infants to try and reduce cot
death
- It is not known whether REM activity is
accompanied by dreaming as babies and
young children cannot provide reliable
subjective reprts
- Babies sleep a lot more than children and adults, and also have different patterns and stages
of sleep. They tend to sleep about 16hrs a day, but their sleep is not continuous. They usually
wake up every hour because their sleep cycles are shorter than the adult 90 minute cycle.
Infants have sleep stages which are similar to adults, called quiet sleep and active sleep;
these are immature versions of SWS and REM sleep. At birth there is more active sleep than
adult REM sleep; about half of infant sleep in spent in active sleep. Adults can usually go
directly into the stage of deep sleep whereas infants in the early months sleep through an
initial period of light sleep. After 20 minutes they gradually enter deep sleep. By the age of 6
months a circadian rhythm is established and by the age of one infants are usually sleeping
mainly at night , with one or two naps during the day. The periods of deep sleep lengthen and
there is a reduction in the amounts of active/REM sleep.
- Childhood
- By the age of 5, children have EEG
patterns that look like those of
adults but they are still sleeping
more (about 12hrs) and have more
REM activity (about 30% of total
sleep time). Boys sleep slightly
more than girls. During childhood it
is not uncommon fr children to
experience a variety of
parasomnias- sleep disorders.
- By the age of 5, children have EEG
patterns that look like those of
adults but they are still sleeping
more (about 12hrs) and have more
REM activity (about 30% of total
sleep time). Boys sleep slightly
more than girls. During childhood it
is not uncommon fr children to
experience a variety of
parasomnias- sleep disorders.
- Adolescence
- During the childhood the need for
sleep decreases, but in
adolescence it increases slightly,
to about nine or ten hours a night.
Circadian rhythms also change so
that teenagers feel naturally more
awake later at night and have
more difficulty getting up early (a
phase delay). One distinguishing
feature of adolescent REM sleep
is that in males it is sometimes
accompanied by ejaculation which
is significantly less at other ages.
- Carskadon 1998
found that A grade
16-18 years slept on
average an hour a
day longer than other
students.
- Carskadon 1998
found that A grade
16-18 years slept on
average an hour a
day longer than other
students.
- During the childhood the need for
sleep decreases, but in
adolescence it increases slightly,
to about nine or ten hours a night.
Circadian rhythms also change so
that teenagers feel naturally more
awake later at night and have
more difficulty getting up early (a
phase delay). One distinguishing
feature of adolescent REM sleep
is that in males it is sometimes
accompanied by ejaculation which
is significantly less at other ages.
- Adulthood and old age
- 'Normal' adult sleep is typically about 8 hours per night, with 25%
in REM sleep. Childhood parasomnias such as sleep walking are
more rare in adulthood but there is an increasing frequency of
other sleep disorders such as insomnia. With increasing age, total
sleep time remains about he same, although older people have
more difficulty going to sleep and wake up more frequently (up to
6 times a night). This means they may have a nap during the day
to satisfy their sleep needs. Their pattern of sleep changes; REM
sleep decreases to about 20% of total sleep time and the amount
of slow wave sleep is reduced to 5%. Older people also
experience a phase advance of circadian rhythms- feeling
sleepier early evening and waking up earlier.
- Redline 2004- found that as we age, we are
more likely to be woken, total sleep decreases,
time to get to sleep increases, night time
walking increase and day time naps occur.
- Redline 2004- found that as we age, we are
more likely to be woken, total sleep decreases,
time to get to sleep increases, night time
walking increase and day time naps occur.
- 'Normal' adult sleep is typically about 8 hours per night, with 25%
in REM sleep. Childhood parasomnias such as sleep walking are
more rare in adulthood but there is an increasing frequency of
other sleep disorders such as insomnia. With increasing age, total
sleep time remains about he same, although older people have
more difficulty going to sleep and wake up more frequently (up to
6 times a night). This means they may have a nap during the day
to satisfy their sleep needs. Their pattern of sleep changes; REM
sleep decreases to about 20% of total sleep time and the amount
of slow wave sleep is reduced to 5%. Older people also
experience a phase advance of circadian rhythms- feeling
sleepier early evening and waking up earlier.
- Evaluation of newborn babies
- One suggestion has been that babies sleep is an adaptive mechanism
to make their parents life easier- daytime sleeping means that parents
can get on with their chores which enhances survival. Nightwalking has
adaptive benefits too. Babies have small stomachs and need to be fed
regularly. A baby who has slept soundly through the nigh might not be
woke by feeling cold or hungry. Infants greater amount of REM sleep
may be explained in terms of the relative immaturity of the infant brain,
and is related to the considerable amount of learning that is taking
place. REM sleep has been linked to the production of
neurotransmitters and to consolidation of memories. This explains why
babies have significantly greater amount of REM sleep. It is further
supported by the fact premture babiesspend 90% of their time in
active/REM sleep.
- One suggestion has been that babies sleep is an adaptive mechanism
to make their parents life easier- daytime sleeping means that parents
can get on with their chores which enhances survival. Nightwalking has
adaptive benefits too. Babies have small stomachs and need to be fed
regularly. A baby who has slept soundly through the nigh might not be
woke by feeling cold or hungry. Infants greater amount of REM sleep
may be explained in terms of the relative immaturity of the infant brain,
and is related to the considerable amount of learning that is taking
place. REM sleep has been linked to the production of
neurotransmitters and to consolidation of memories. This explains why
babies have significantly greater amount of REM sleep. It is further
supported by the fact premture babiesspend 90% of their time in
active/REM sleep.
- Evaluation of Adolescene
- The change of sleep patterns may be linked to
changes in the hormone production at this
stage. These hormones are primarily released
at night an therefore sleep patterns are
disturbed leading to sleep deprivation.
Hormonal changes can also explain the upset to
he circadian clock, which has been described
as delayed sleep phse syndrome. (Crowley et al
2007). Carskadon et al 2005 have
recommended that schools should begin their
day later to accommodate the poor attention
spans of adolescence in the morning.
- Real world application- There are
useful applications for example,
Carskadon et al suggest that
teenagers should start school later to
accommodate delay sleep phase
syndrome. Researchers have also
suggested that the effects of ageing
can be reduced by improving sleep
'hygiene', i.e. improving the
healthiness of sleep. For example the
habit of napping ay reduce the mount
of deep sleep during the night.
Therefore, sleep hygiene may be
improved by resisting having naps
during the day.
- Real world application- There are
useful applications for example,
Carskadon et al suggest that
teenagers should start school later to
accommodate delay sleep phase
syndrome. Researchers have also
suggested that the effects of ageing
can be reduced by improving sleep
'hygiene', i.e. improving the
healthiness of sleep. For example the
habit of napping ay reduce the mount
of deep sleep during the night.
Therefore, sleep hygiene may be
improved by resisting having naps
during the day.
- The change of sleep patterns may be linked to
changes in the hormone production at this
stage. These hormones are primarily released
at night an therefore sleep patterns are
disturbed leading to sleep deprivation.
Hormonal changes can also explain the upset to
he circadian clock, which has been described
as delayed sleep phse syndrome. (Crowley et al
2007). Carskadon et al 2005 have
recommended that schools should begin their
day later to accommodate the poor attention
spans of adolescence in the morning.
- Evaluation of adulthood
- The common misperception is that a good night's sleep
is related to good health, but several studies have found
that there s an increased mortality risk associated with
too much sleep. Kripke et al 2002 surveyed over 1 million
adult men and women and found that people sleeping for
only 6/7 hours had a reduced motility risk whereas those
seeing for an average of eight hours had a 15% increase
in death, and the risk was over 30% for people sleeping
10 hours. It is important to recognise that this is
correlational data ad there may be other intervening
variables that case the link between sleep duration and
mortality. For example, underlying illness may lead to
increased sleep needs and to increased mortality.
- The common misperception is that a good night's sleep
is related to good health, but several studies have found
that there s an increased mortality risk associated with
too much sleep. Kripke et al 2002 surveyed over 1 million
adult men and women and found that people sleeping for
only 6/7 hours had a reduced motility risk whereas those
seeing for an average of eight hours had a 15% increase
in death, and the risk was over 30% for people sleeping
10 hours. It is important to recognise that this is
correlational data ad there may be other intervening
variables that case the link between sleep duration and
mortality. For example, underlying illness may lead to
increased sleep needs and to increased mortality.
- Evaluation of old age
- Reduced sleep in old age is partly consequence of
physiological changes but may also be explained in
terms of actual problems staying asleep, such as sleep
apnoea or medical illnesses. Problems staying asleep
are also explained by the fact that deep sleep is
reduced in old age. The reduction in SWS leads to a
reduced proportion of growth hormone, which may
explain some of the symptoms associated with old age
such as lack of energy (Van Cauter et al 2000). The
resulting seep deficit might xplain why older people
experience impaired functions e.g. to their alertness.
Various treatments can be used to increase sleep at
night, including taking melatoin.
- Borbely et al 1981 questioned adults
aged 65-83 on their sleeping habits,
finding that 60% reported taking
frequent daily naps. Sleep in the
elderly is more interrupted, but they
continue to need the same amount of
sleep as they did in early adulthood,
hence the need for naps.
- Borbely et al 1981 questioned adults
aged 65-83 on their sleeping habits,
finding that 60% reported taking
frequent daily naps. Sleep in the
elderly is more interrupted, but they
continue to need the same amount of
sleep as they did in early adulthood,
hence the need for naps.
- Reduced sleep in old age is partly consequence of
physiological changes but may also be explained in
terms of actual problems staying asleep, such as sleep
apnoea or medical illnesses. Problems staying asleep
are also explained by the fact that deep sleep is
reduced in old age. The reduction in SWS leads to a
reduced proportion of growth hormone, which may
explain some of the symptoms associated with old age
such as lack of energy (Van Cauter et al 2000). The
resulting seep deficit might xplain why older people
experience impaired functions e.g. to their alertness.
Various treatments can be used to increase sleep at
night, including taking melatoin.
- IDA- T he
developmental
approach. The lifespan
approach is important
because it recognises
that sleep patterns are
not consistent but
change as we age. For
a long time
psychologists ignored
such age-related
changesand assumed
that there was one
sleep pattern that
applied to all ages.
This association
between age and
sleep has led to the
new understanding of
for example, some of
the effects of ageing.
- IDA- Borbely 1986 warns against the use of generalisations about sleep
for different age groups. This fits the nomethetic V idiographic debate-
finding laws that fit everyone in an age group or focusing on individual
behaviour. He reports that studies performed at the Ui of Florida found
consistent findings from the same p 's on different nights, but marked
differences between different participants, but marked differences
between different participants of similar ages. his suggests that sleep
patterns are determined more by an individual rather than the measure
of age.
- IDA- Borbely 1986 warns against the use of generalisations about sleep
for different age groups. This fits the nomethetic V idiographic debate-
finding laws that fit everyone in an age group or focusing on individual
behaviour. He reports that studies performed at the Ui of Florida found
consistent findings from the same p 's on different nights, but marked
differences between different participants, but marked differences
between different participants of similar ages. his suggests that sleep
patterns are determined more by an individual rather than the measure
of age.
- General evaluation
- Research into lifespan changes in sleep has
been concluded in numerous sleep labs, using
objective measurements. Changes noted in the
different stages of sleep were replicated and
well established. This is particularly true with
infant sleep patterns because since 70s in the
hope of discovering the cause of sudden infant
death syndrome.
- There has been little research into normal
sleep among middle aged. Dement 1999
believes that this is because they are so busy
raising families, succeeding at work, they find
less time to volunteer for sleep research,
though their busy lives suggest that they
should be studied, as thi is the age group in
which the greatest number of sleep problems
occur.
- A major problem with sleep research involves
the measurement of sleep. In order to measure
the physiology of sleep, p's are connected to a
number of electrodes. This can affect the quality
and quantity of sleep exereinced. It is preferable
if p's spend several nigs in a sleep lab to get
used to sleep with the equipment. Hwever, p's
don't have time for this.
- There are numerous external factors affecting the quality and
quantity of sleep. Work patterns, children and medication all affect
sleep. One under-researched factor is the effect of sleeping with a
partner. Many people spend the majority of their lives sharing a
bed with a partner, yet c0-sleeping is under researcher. This may
be different to sleeping alone.
- There are numerous external factors affecting the quality and
quantity of sleep. Work patterns, children and medication all affect
sleep. One under-researched factor is the effect of sleeping with a
partner. Many people spend the majority of their lives sharing a
bed with a partner, yet c0-sleeping is under researcher. This may
be different to sleeping alone.
- IDA- Cultural bias. Psychologists make
assumptions about sleep behaviour based on
research that has ben largely conducted with
America and Britih samples. Such research
assumes that there re no cultural infleunces
on sleep behaviour but this may not be true,
Tynjala et al 2003 looked at sleep patterns in
adolesecents living in different cultures. The
results showed significant differences. An
important contributory factor was the number
of evenings spent outside the home, which
meant that young people went to bed late.
Such research shows that sleep duration is
influenced by cultural practices and reminds
us that our view of behaviour often ignores
other influences.
- A major problem with sleep research involves
the measurement of sleep. In order to measure
the physiology of sleep, p's are connected to a
number of electrodes. This can affect the quality
and quantity of sleep exereinced. It is preferable
if p's spend several nigs in a sleep lab to get
used to sleep with the equipment. Hwever, p's
don't have time for this.
- There has been little research into normal
sleep among middle aged. Dement 1999
believes that this is because they are so busy
raising families, succeeding at work, they find
less time to volunteer for sleep research,
though their busy lives suggest that they
should be studied, as thi is the age group in
which the greatest number of sleep problems
occur.
- Research into lifespan changes in sleep has
been concluded in numerous sleep labs, using
objective measurements. Changes noted in the
different stages of sleep were replicated and
well established. This is particularly true with
infant sleep patterns because since 70s in the
hope of discovering the cause of sudden infant
death syndrome.
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