Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. Carbohydrates

   • Monosaccharides
     • Carbon chains with 3-6 carbons
     • Pentose- Ribose + Deoxyribose Hexose- Glucose and Fructose
       • Glucose
         • Alpha Glucose or Beta Glucose
   • Disaccharides
     • Two Monosaccharides
       • Formed by Condensation Reactions
         • Water is remooved
         • Forms glycosidic link
         • Hydrolysis releases molecules
           • Water provides hydrogen
     • My Great Granny Sucks Fruit Gums
       • Maltose Glucose Glucose Sucrose Fructose Glucose
   • Polysaccharides
     • Large insoluble molecules ideal for storage
       • Monomer units linked by glycosidic bonds
     • CELLULOSE
       • Straight chain Beta glucose molecules
         • Linear polyglucose - Beta 1-4 bonds
         • Alternate Beta glucose molecules inverted
         • Hydrogen bonds create microfibrils
           • High tensile strenght
     • STARCH
       • Amylase + Amylopectin
         • Polymers of Alpha glucose
           • Amylase- linear joined Alpha 1-4 bonds
           • Amylopectin- branched 1-6 bonds
       • Plant storage carbohydrate
         • Compact molecules in small space
           • many ends- hydrolysed quickly
       • Insoluble
     • GLYCOGEN
       • storage in animal and fungal cells
       • structure similar to amylopectin
       • Highly branched - Alpha 1-6 links
       • Hydrolysed quickly

2. Lipids

   • -Insoluble in water -Carbon, hydrogen + oxygen -Single molecules
   • Tryglcerides
     • 1 molecule glycerol + 3 fatty acids
     • ESTER bonds
     • Saturated Fatty Acids -high melting point -straight chains
       • Unsaturated fatty acid -low melting points -carbon carbon double bonds
     • - Energy Supply -Maintain Body Temp -Waterproof Layer -Cell membrane
   • Phospholipids
     • 1 glycerol molecule 2 fatty acid chains Phosphate
       • Phosphate is Polar - Hydrophillic Fatty acid tails - Hydrophobic

3. Proteins

   • monomer = amino acids
     • peptide bonds
   • Hydrogen Bonds - polar R groups - weak - secondary structure
     • Ionic Bonds - ionised R groups - strong - tertiary structure
     • Disulfide Bridges -sulphur R groups Tertiary
     • Hydrophobic Interactions non polar R groups
   • Primary Structure
     • number and sequence of amino acids
     • shape and function of protein
   • Tertiary Structure
     • Folded into a precise shape
       • Highly folded/ spherical = globular less folded/ super coiled= fibrous
   • Secondary Structure
     • Twisted or coiled to from alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
   • Quaternary Structure
     • Two or more polypeptide chains
   • Conjugated Proteins= Non amino acid component eg. Haemoglobin

4. Nucleic Acids

   • monomer= nucleotides
   • Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine (Uracil)
   • Phosphodiester Bond
   • DNA
     • Deoxyribose Sugar = deoxyribonucleic acide
     • Anti- parallel strands
     • Double Helix
   • RNA
     • Ribose sugar= ribonucleic acid
     • single stranded
     • Uracil replaces Thymine

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