Cartographic Foundations-Map projections

Cartographic Foundations-Map projections

1. Mapping projection

   • Geoid
   • Ellipsoid
   • Sphere
     • Meridians
       • Great Cicles
     • Parallels
       • Small circles-Equator

2. Map projection process

   • Earth
     • Ellipsoid
       • sphere
         • Cilinder
           • Tangent to a selecte line
           • Secant along two lines
         • Cone
           • Tangent to a single parallel
           • Secant- Two parallels
         • Plane
           • Secant- crossing the earth 2 points no scale distortion
           • Tangent to a pole- 1 point no scale distoriton

3. Coordinate systems

   • Spherical Coordinate System
     • Geographic coordinate system
   • Geographic Coordinate System
     • Cartesian Coordinate System

4. Classification of Map Projections

   • Distortion Characteristics
     • Equal Area
       • Same AREA and SIZE. shape distortion
         • MOLLWEIDE
     • Conformal
       • ANGLES and SHAPES preserved. Size and Area distortion
         • MERCATOR
           • Goal-Navigation
     • Equidistance
       • TRUE DISTANCES and DIRECTIONS
     • Compromise
       • Balance projection between the 3 others
   • Aspect
     • Normal/Polar Aspect
       • Main point on N o S pole
         • NO CONVERSION
     • Equatorial aspect
       • Main point lies on the Equator
     • Oblique aspect
       • Main point at any given point
   • Geometry and Geographical parameter lines
     • Normal Projections
       • Meridians and parallels are PERPENDICULAR
         • AZIMUTHAL N=1
           • Perpective projection
             • General Azimuthal
               • *NORMAL ASPECT * Equal Area or Equidistance *Angles between MERIDIANS are TRUE angles.  *Unequal space between PARALLELS
             • Central Projection (Gnomic)
               • Perpective- ORtodrome a Line *Great circles are straight lines (same as Ortodrome)  *STRONG distortion on the boundary * You can't see the equator
               • Rhum line- stright
             • Orthographic projection
               • PARALLEL PROJECTION * Parallels scale true *Strong parallel Compression near the map boundary *One Hemisphere *Astronomical geography
               • Astronimical geography
             • Stereographic projection
               • Conformal *Tissot's indicatrix is a circle everywhere *Positions of Meridians and Parallels are preserved *Strong area distortion in the map boundary
               • Conformal- Tissot's indicatrix is a circle everywhere
           • Non-Perpective projection
             • Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
               • No PERPECTIVE.  *Meridians and Parallels are EQUIDISTANT.  *Small circles are circles.  GOOD FOR POLAR REGIONS
             • Lambert Azimutal Equal-Area
               • Non-Perspective * Parallels spacing DECREASE from the pole and Meridians INCREASE *Topographic map in small scall-One Hemisphere and poles *BEST EQUAL AREA projection for normal with minimun angle distrotion
         • CONICAL 0<N<1
           • Equidistant conic projection
         • CILINDRICAL N=0
       • PERPENDICULARITY is given by a factor "n"
         • n= cos (polar angle)
     • Pseudo projections
       • Meridians and parallels NO PERPEDICULAR
   • Mapping Geometry
     • Perspective projection
       • Gnomic
       • Stereographic
       • Orthographic
       • Luz
     • Non-perpective projection
       • Robinson
       • Polyconic
     • Special clases
       • Interrupted projectiion (UTM)
       • Simplified projection
       • Compositie projection
       • Change projection

5. Determining deformation-distortion

   • Deformation due to Departure
     • Tearing-descarre
     • Compression
     • Shearing-Cizallamiento
   • First method
     • Geometrical figure
       • Position a geometrical figure on several locations in the sphere and print the result into de projection graticule
       • Cualitative- visual
   • Second method
     • Tissot's indicatrix
       • Quatitative- Higher mathematics
       • Infinitesimal radio sphere proyecte with the plane
     • Isocoles
       • Lines with equal distortion

Images and files in the map