Item 2 (read through then decide)

Item 2 (read through then decide)

1. 1) what challenges does an aging population bring

   • • less economic active + higher taxes –can help with more children
   • • greater use health care more spent on this sector (hip replacements, possible cancer, ) taken from other sector e.g education (compression of morbidity)
   • • pension age increases = more people working –UK 66 2020, 2028 67

2. 2) How does immigration help solve these problems

   • • More young dependent people to work in specific areas. (work in the industries we wont) possible in geriatric care when natives are not so keen. –also at reproducing age, they can have children providing more workers in the future

3. 5) describe the patterns bellow

   • • countries on coast have the greatest total age dependency ratio? Trend: Central EU countries and those in Scandinavia seem to have the highest level of age dependency e.g. Sweden 57.4 and France 57.6. Only Eastern European countries have a dependency ratio of less than 50- e.g. Poland 42.7

4. 6) What problems could this bring in the future

   • • Most have a high age dependency large age dependent = smaller economic active. This means they cannot migrate as they will need to look after age dependent population. This means they will need to immigration from outside the EU.

5. 7) Do the few countries whose young age dependency ratio is greater than its old age dependency ratio have a total dependency ratio lower than 50?

   • yes
     • • Cyprus YDR23.3 ODR 19.9 TDR 43.1 • Luxembourg 24.4, 20.4, 44.7 • Poland 21.5, 21.2, 47.2 • Slovakia 21.5, 19, 40.6
   • No
     • • France 29.3, 28.4 , 57.6 • Ireland: 33.6, 19.3, 52.9 (Population strict catholic might have an effect) • UK 27.2, 27, 54 • (no, and there is no real pattern to location or size of country. UK, Ireland and France over 50). • Cyprus Luxembourg, Poland and Slovakia under 50

6. 8) discuss the implications of having a higher young age dependency ratio than old age ratio in the future

   • • there will be more workers to help with future job market however if this continues too much there might not be enough jobs. (could put strain of education and healthcare. • However If fertility rates fall (as would be expected (according to the DTM as a country develops and moves into stage 3, then the country could end up having an ageing population and the issues that come with that.

7. 9) Study Figure P3 Annotate the pyramid with the main features of life expectancy Birth rate, death rate working age population etc

   • • Life expectancy increase • Birth rate decreased • Economically active has (for men) decreased this is because they have got older. • low birth rate has declined but has been stable

8. 10) describe the main changes to the population structure

   • • percentage of young dependant has decreased ( under age of 19 ) • considerable increase in elderly men (less so elderly women who already had a high percentage

9. 11) read info from p 20 of the report

   • • 01/01/14 lowest in malta 0.4 illion to 81.2 million in Germany • Germany, france Uk and Italy contained 54% of the total EU 28 population • Population growth uneven distribution. 16 member states increased, other 12 decreased • Luxembourg Sweden malta and Austria recorded the highest poplation growth rates in 2014 ….

10. 12) visit zzed.UK/7194 US census and create a population pyramid for 1994 and 2014 for Estonia luxembourge Germany and spain.

11. 13) describe changes shown

12. 14) identify the countrie which have seen the greatest negative net ,migration.

    • all three countries were hit hard during the economic slump of 2008. Many people have migrated to other European countries in search of work Grece has also recently benefited from a deal with turkey whereby they have been able to send large numbers of migrants back

13. 16) which country has recorded the highest positive net migration and why

    • • Germany with 581,500. • Reason for Markel decision germrany sould reduce migrant ….

14. 17) study choropleth map of net migration and describe main patterns

    • much of eu has a similar rate of migration. Although Germany clearly has a much higher rate at 581,900 and Spain clearly has the lowest rate at about 102,300. The UK’s rate is slightly higer at about 210,000.

15. 18) calculate mean GDP per person

16. 22) study the choropleth map below showing the population density. Is there a correlation between density and net migration

    • much of eu has a similar rate of migration. Although Germany clearly has a much higher rate at 581,900 and Spain clearly has the lowest rate at about 102,300. The UK’s rate is slightly higer at about 210,000.

17. 23) study figure p5. Describe the main trends shown by the graph.

    • • Shows the population change per 1000 people for natural change, net migration and total change
    • • General trend, population change has decreased over time starting at 8/1000 in 1960 and falling to 2.100 in 2014. There some major flunctuations down to a point in 1998 (1.5/1000 for total change ) after which it has seen a slight rise, which has again been consistent
    • • Natural change during this time has been consistently falling with fewer marked fluctuations although it seen a slight rise since 2003
    • • Net migration has flunctuated continuously over time, with large negative net migration in 1970 (1.5/1000)….. and a fairly steady rise 1987 (0.5/1000)

18. 24) overall, do you think net migration or natural change drives total population change … Why

    • • natural change was high, it seemed to have the greatest influence on population change, although major shifts in net migration such as in 1962 and 1970 had a marked impact on total population change since natural change has decreased …

19. Location of migration from Africa. Europe has experienced an ageing population, age structure is continuing to grow older. Post war Baby boom is reaching retirement age. this could effect a range of areas including provisions for healthcare, pensions and labour markets.