Notes
Spanish 2
Content of the notes (28)
Page 1
SER and ESTAR
SER and ESTAR
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SER: You can use the acronym DOCTOR.
D- Description O- Occupation C- Characteristics T- Time and Date O- Origin R- Relationship
ESTAR: You can use the acronym PLACE.
P- Position L- Location A- Action C- Condition E- Emotion
Page 2
AR, ER, and IR Endings
AR, ER, and IR endings
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AR endings:
yo- o tu- as el/la- a nosotros- amos ellos/ellas- an
ER endings:
yo- o tu- es el/la- e nosotros- emos ellos/ellas- en
IR endings:
yo- o tu- es el/la- e nosotros- imos ellos/ellas- en
Page 3
Indirect Object Pronouns
Indirect Object Pronouns
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me te le nos les
Le Hablo (singular): a el, a ella, a usted
Les Hablo (plural): a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes
Page 4
Aburrir, Gustar, and Interesar
Aburrir, Gustar, and Interesar
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Aburrir:
singular: aburre
plural: aburren
Gustar:
singular: gusta
plural: gustan
Interesan:
singular: interesa
plural: interesan
Page 5
Stem Changes
Stem Changes
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Empezar (to start):
yo- empiezo tu- empiezas el/la- empieza nosotros- empezamos ellos/ellas- empiezan
Perder (to lose):
yo- pierdo tu- pierdes el/la- pierde nosotros- perdemos ellos/ellas- pierden
Volver (return/come back):
yo- vuelvo tu- vuelves el/ella- vuelve nosotros- volvemos ellos/ellas- vuelven
Poder (to be able to):
yo- puedo tu-puedes el/ella- puede nosotros- podemos ellos/ellas- pueden
Jugar (play *typically sports or games*):
yo- juego tu- juegas el/ella- juega nosotros- jugamos ellos/ellas- juegan
Querer (to want):
yo- quiero tu- quieres el/ella- quiere nosotros- queremos ellos/ellas- quieren
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Notes
-other verbs with *e to ie* stem change (empezar and perder) are sentarse, amenzar, and perisar.
-other verbs with *o to ue* stem change (volver and poder) are acostarse, recordar, and encontrar
-sentir is conjugated like preferir
Page 6
Saber and Conocer
Saber and Conocer
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Saber: know how to, facts, and information.
yo- sé tu- sabes el/ella- sabe nosotros- sabemos ellos/ellas- saben
Conocer: familiar with person, place, or thing.
yo- conzco tu- conoces el/ella- conoce nosotros- conocemos ellos/ellas- conocen
Page 7
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparatives and Superlatives
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*Comparative-- put más or menos before adj./adverb and 'que' after it.*
Comparative-
bueno-mejor malo-peor bien-mejor mal-peor
Superlative-
el/la mejor el/la peor los/las mejores los/las peores
Page 8
Preterite forms (Past Tense)
Preterite forms (past tense)
--------------------------------
IR/SER:
fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
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Nadar, Comer, and Subir
Nadar:
yo- nadé tu- nadaste el/ella- nadó nosotros- nadamos ellos/ellas- nadaron
Comer:
yo- comí tu- comiste el/ella- comió nosotros- comimos ellos/ellas- comieron
Subir:
yo- subí tu- subiste el/ella- subió nosotros- subimos ellos/ellas- subieron
Page 9
Present Progressive Verbs
Present Progressive Verbs
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*Present progressive is an action that is currently happening or going on. It is the equivalent of adding "ing" to verbs. In order to construct the present progressive, you must follow these two steps.
1st: You must use the proper form of ESTAR, based on the subject given.
ESTAR: yo- estoy tu- estás el/ella- está nosotros- estamos ellos/ellas- están
2nd: You must convert the verb in the proper present participle:
-If the verb ends in -ar, then drop the ending and add "ando"
-If the verb ends in -er or -ir, then drop the ending and add "iendo"
(ex: hablar>hablando, comer>comiendo, salir>saliendo)
-For verbs Leer, Traer, Oir, and Caer; there is a change:
leer>leyendo traer>trayendo oir>oyendo caer>cayendo
To sum up, here are examples.
You are talking>tu estás hablando
He is talking>él está hablando
--------------------------------
Hacer:
yo- hago tu- haces el/ella- hace nosotros- hacemos ellos/ellas- hacen
Poner:
yo- pongo tu- pones el/ella- pone nosotros- ponemos ellos/ellas- ponen
Traer:
yo- traigo tu- traes el/ella- trae nosotros- traemos ellos/ellas- traen
Salir:
yo- salgo tu- sales el/ella- sale nosotros- salimos ellos/ellas- salen
Page 10
Reflective Pronouns
Reflective Pronouns
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Reflective Pronouns:
me, te, se, nos, se (el/ella form and ellos/ellas form are the same)
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-Let's use the term 'despertarse'.
↓---------------------------------↓
me, te, se, nos, se desertarse
-The ending, 'se', will be moved to the front. Using our pronouns, we can change it to the appropriate form. Let's use the 'yo' form.
despertarse --------------> se desperta --------------> ̶s̶̶e̶ me desperta
-We need to change the ending.
me desperta -----------------> me desperto
-There's one more thing to do: The stem change. (stem changing word ex: despertarse, sentarse, acostarse, dormirse)
me desperto -----------------> me despierto
*HOWEVER, if the form is nosotros, do NOT do a stem change.
-We're done!
--------------------------------
Note: However, if the action is not done to oneself, there would be no pronoun.
Page 11
VENIR
VENIR
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Venir (Coming From):
yo- vengo tu- vienes el/ella- viene nosotros- venimos ellos/ellas- vienen
Page 12
Pronunciation
Pronunciation
--------------------------------
When pronouncing words in Spanish, there are a couple of rules. Here's a few of them.
#1: 2nd to last syllable in words is emphasized.
ex: her 【ma】 no (the framed letters are emphasized)
#2: However, if the word ends in a consonant, the last syllable is emphasized.
ex: in te lec 【tual】
#3: Words with accents don't follow those rules.
ex: 【jó】 ve nes
Page 13
Present Tense Forms of Irregular Verbs
Present Tense Forms of Irregular Verbs
--------------------------------
These forms do NOT have accents.
***
Let's first look at hacer, querer, and venir.
*These verbs ALL have the letter 'i' in their stem.*
Hacer (To Do/Make):
yo- hice tu- hiciste el/ella- hizo nosotros- hicimos ellos/ellas- hicieron
Querer (To Want):
yo- quise tu- quisiste el/ella- quiso nosotros- quisimos ellos/ellas- quisieron
Venir (Coming From):
yo- vine tu- viniste el/ella- vino nosotros- vinimos ellos/ellas- vinieron
Now let's look at poder, poner, and saber.
*These verbs ALL have the letter 'u' in their stem.*
Poder (Able to):
yo- pude tu- pudiste el/ella- pudo nosotros- pudimos ellos/ellas- pudieron
Poner (To Put):
yo- puse tu- pusiste el/ella- puso nosotros- pusimos ellos/ellas- pusieron
Saber (To Know):
yo- supe tu- supiste el/ella- supo nosotros- supimos ellos/ellas- supieron
Finally, let's look at estar, tener, and andar.
*These verbs ALL have the letters 'uv' in their stem.*
Estar (To Be):
yo- estuve tu- estuviste el/ella- estuvo nosotros- estuvimos ellos/ellas- estuvieron
Tener (To Have):
yo- tuve tu- tuviste el/ella- tuvo nosotros- tuvimos ellos/ellas- tuvieron
Andar (To Take):
yo- anduve tu- anduviste el/ella- anduvo nosotros- anduvimos ellos/ellas- anduvieron
Page 14
DECIR
DECIR (To Say/ To Tell):
--------------------------------
-Present Form:
yo- digo tu- dices el/ella- dice nosotros- decimos ellos/ellas- dicen
-Preterite Form:
yo- dije tu- dijiste el/ella- dijo nosotros- dijimos ellos/ellas- dijeron
Page 15
Stem Changing in Present Tense
Stem Changing in Present Tense
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Pedir:
yo- pido tu- pides el/ella- pide nosotros- pedimos ellos/ellas- piden
Servir:
yo- sirvo tu- sirves el/ella- sirve nosotros- servimos ellos/ellas- sirven
Freír:
yo- frío tu- fríes el/ella- fríe nosotros- freímos ellos/ellas- fríen
Seguir:
yo- sigo tu- sigues el/ella- sigue nosotros- seguimos ellos/ellas- siguen
Page 16
Stem Changing in Preterite Form
Stem Changing in Preterite Form
--------------------------------
Remember the rule: e ---> i, o ---> u
ONLY EL/ELLA FORM AND ELLOS/ELLAS FORM HAVE STEM CHANGE. (Basically the singular, third person, and plural)
EXAMPLES:
Repetir:
yo- repetí tu- repetiste el/ella- repitió nosotros- repetimos ellos/ellas- repitieron
Preferir:
yo- preferí tu- preferiste el/ella- prifirió nosotros- preferimos ellos/ellas- prefirieron
Vestirse (You need the pronouns!):
yo- me vestí tu- te vestiste el/ella- se vistió nosotros- nos vestimos ellos/ellas- se vistieron
Dormir:
yo- dormí tu- dormiste el/ella- durmió nosotros- dormimos ellos/ellas- durmieron
Page 17
Imperfect Forms
Imperfect Form
--------------------------------
Imperfect Form (Describe habitual/repeated past action. They can also describe people, places, objects, events, weather, dates, and time in the past):
AR endings:
Hablar:
yo- hablaba tu- hablabas el/ella- hablaba nosotros- hablámos ellos/ellas- hablaban
Mirar:
yo- miraba tu- mirabas el/ella- miraba nosotros- mirábamos ellos/ellas- miraban
ER and IR endings:
Leer:
yo- leía tu- leías el/ella- leía nosotros- leíamos ellos/ellas- leían
Escribir:
yo- escribía tu- escribías el/ella- escribía nosotros- escribíamos ellos/ellas- escribían
To sum up:
AR endings: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban
ER/IR endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían
Page 18
Imperfect and Preterite
Imperfect and Preterite
--------------------------------
Let's talk about Imperfect.
Imperfect tense can be used to describe events that began in the past and never ended. Well, not that they never ended, but we just don't know if it ever ended. It's infinite.
Imperfect Tenses:
ar endings: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban
er and ir endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían
Some terms indicate the word as being imperfect.
EX) cuando (when), cada (each), siempre (always), enseguida (right away), todos (all), de vez en cuando (sometimes)
"Cuando" is a magic word. The terms before cuando are imperfect, and terms after are preterite.
But not in all cases. So be careful.
Let's talk about Preterite.
Preterite forms, like preterite, began in the past, but unlike imperfect, preterite has an end.
Preterite Tenses:
ar endings: é, aste, ó, amos, aron
ir/er endings: í, aste, ó, imos, ieron
Page 19
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
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Present perfect tense is used to speak about past even without reference to any particular time.
Present perfect tense is formed with present tense of 'haber' and the past participle.
The past participle is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
Let's look at hablar, beber, and asistir.
Hablar:
yo- he hablado tu- has hablado el/ella- ha hablado nosotros- hemos hablado ellos/ellas- han hablado
Beber:
yo- he bebido tu- has bebido el/ella- ha bebido nosotros- hemos bebido ellos/ellas- han bebido
Asistir:
yo- he asistido tu- has asistido el/ella- ha asistido nosotros- hemos asistido ellos/ellas- han asistido
Page 20
Irregular Past Participles (verbs)
Irregular Past Participles (verbs)
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The following verbs have irregular past participles.
decir ⇨ dicho
hacer ⇨ hecho
romper ⇨ roto
escribir ⇨ escrito
feír ⇨ frito
ver ⇨ visto
* * *
poner ⇨ puesto
volver ⇨ vuelto
devolver ⇨ devuelto
morir ⇨ muerto
abrir ⇨ abierto
cubrir ⇨ cubierto
Page 21
Direct and Indirect Pronouns
Direct and Indirect Pronouns
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In spanish, sentences normally have an indirect and direct object pronoun, and the indirect object pronoun is always before the direct object pronoun.
Both pronouns are before the conjugated form of the verb.
EX) Ella nos sirvió el helado.
el helado ⇨ lo
Ella nos lo sirvió.
EX) El mozo me dio la llave.
la llave ⇨ la
El mozo me la dio.
Page 22
Dos Complementos Con Se
Dos Complementos Con Se (i don't know the english translation. help.)
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The indirect object pronouns 'le, les' change to 'se' when used with lo, la, los, and las.
EX) El mozo les subio el equipaje
les ⇨ se el equipaje ⇨ lo
El mozo se lo subio.
EX) El cliente le devolvio las llaves a la recepcionista.
le ⇨ se las llaves a la recepcionista ⇨ las
El cliente se las devolvio.
Page 23
Imperatives for Regular Verbs
Imperatives for Regular Verbs
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Imperatives are used to give a command.
Present (ud.):
usted habla
usted conduce
usted escribe
usted vuelve
usted sigue
Imperative (tu):
¡Habla!
¡Conduce!
¡Escribe!
¡Vuelve!
¡Sigue!
Page 24
Imperatives for Irregular Verbs
Imperatives for Irregular Verbs
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infinitive:
decir
ir
ser
salir
hacer
tener
venir
poner
imperative (tu)
di
ve
sé
sal
haz
ten
ven
pon
Page 25
Rewriting Nouns to Object Pronouns
Rewriting Nouns to Object Pronouns
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EX)
Sube la maleta.
la maleta = la
súbela
Baja la velocidad
la velocidad = la
bajala
***
Favor de hablarme.
habláme
Favor de pagarlo.
págalo.
***
Favor de pasármelo
pasámelo
Favor de escribírsela
escribésela
***
Favor de cerrarlo.
ciérralo
Favor de empezarlo
empiézalo
Page 26
Conditional for Regular Verbs
Conditional for Regular Verbs
--------------------------------
Conditional expresses what takes place under certain conditions. It can also be used to soften requests.
Let's look at llegar, ver and ir.
Llegar:
yo- llegaria tu- llegarias el/ella- llegaria nosotros- llegariamos ellos/ellas- llegarian
Ver:
yo- veria tu- verias el/ella- veria nosotros- veriamos ellos/ellas- verian
Ir:
yo- iria tu- irias el/ella- iria nosotros- iriamos ellos/ellas- irian
Page 27
Conditional for Irregular Verbs
Conditional for Irregular Verbs
--------------------------------
Conditionals for irregular verbs have the same stems as regular verbs.
Let's review.
Infinitive:
tener
poner
salir
venir
poder
saber
hacer
decir
querer
Future Stem:
tendr-
pondr-
saldr
vendr-
podr-
sabr-
har-
dir-
querr-
Conditional:
add ia to all endings
Page 28
Affirmatives and Negatives
Affirmatives and Negatives
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Let's use hablar, comer, and escribir.
Affirmative: habla, come, escribe
Negative: No hables, No comas, No escribas
Notice that for the negatives, the endings are the opposite! If the word originally had an ar ending, the new negative form would have the er ending. However, the affirmative would stay the same form.
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- Note on Spanish 2, created by Ella Bella on 10/07/2019.
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