chapter 38 key terms

adventitious alveoli: small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange angina: a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles arterial blood gas: a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood atelectasis: incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs atria: upper chambers of the heart atrioventricular bundle: a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract atrioventricular (AV) node: a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle bradypnea: slow rate of breathing bronchial: those heard over the trachea; high in pitch and intensity, with expiration being longer than inspiration bronchodilator: medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles bronchovesicular: normal breath sounds heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area capnography: a method to monitor ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs cardiopulmonary: relating to the heart and the lungs cardiovascular: relating to the heart and blood vessels cilia: microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated circulation crackles: fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs diffusion: tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established dry powder inhaler (DPI): types of breath-activated delivery methods for inhaled medications dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing dysrhythmia: an abnormal cardiac rhythm electrocardiogram (ECG): graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph endotracheal tube: polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide expiration: act of breathing out; synonym is exhalation heart failure hemothorax: blood that develops in the pleural space hyperventilation: condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs hypoventilation: decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs hypoxemia: deficient oxygenation of blood hypoxia: inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells inspiration: act of breathing in; synonym is inhalation internal respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells ischemia: deficiency of blood in a particular area metered-dose inhaler (MDI): instrument that delivers a controlled dose of medication to narrowed airways with each compression of the canister myocardial infarction: one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen; also known as a heart attack nasal cannula: disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils nebulizer: instrument that disperses fine particles of medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract where absorption occurs oxygenation: the process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen pacemaker: another name for the sinoatrial (SA) node; initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals perfusion: process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues pleural effusion: fluid in the pleural space pleural friction rub: continuous, dry grating sound caused by inflammation of pleural surfaces and loss of lubricating pleural fluid pneumothorax: air in the pleural space pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs pulse oximetry: noninvasive technique that measures the oxygen saturation (SaO2) of arterial blood respiration: gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries sinoatrial (SA) node: a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker spirometer: instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry) sputum: respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat surfactant: detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli tachypnea: rapid rate of breathing thoracentesis: aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space tracheostomy: artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted ventricles: lower chambers of the heart vesicular wheezes: continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages (Taylor 1396) Taylor, Carol. Fundamentals of Nursing. Wolters Kluwer Health, 10/2014. VitalBook file.