Quiz
ATTACHMENT
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Perguntas do quiz (87)
1The argument that it is ultimately a failure of parents to monitor their children that causes them to become delinquent suggests what?
- AChildren are active agents
- BChildren engage in transactional interactions
- CNone of these
- DChildren are passive agents
2A researcher discovers that age-related patterns of shyness observed in China differ dramatically from those observed in the U.S. Her findings seem to highlight which of the following aspects of development?
- ADiscontinuous
- BContinuous
- CCultural
- DUniversal
3An investigator who studies the development of aggression by selecting a sample of 2-year-olds and a sample of 4-year-olds and follows them for 5 years to see if they become any more or less aggressive is employing a
- ASequential design
- BCross-sectional design
- CCross-cultural design
- DLongitudinal design
4Because participants of different ages in a cross-sectional study are from different cohorts...
- Ano information is obtained about the development of individual children
- Bthe cross-sectional comparison is an experimental rather than correlational method
- CThe cross-sectional method is the best way to study individual differences in development
- Dcross-generational problems can be eliminated
5At age 4, Win is more socially inhibited than Sam, who is more socially inhibited than Tim. If we wished to determine the stability of social inhibition over time in these three boys, we would have to conduct a:
- ALongitudinal study
- BSequential design
- CCross-sectional study
- DMicro-genetic study
6In 1985, a researcher began a longitudinal study of emotional development from birth to three years of age. In 2005, the same researcher set out to repeat the earlier study. One of the researcher's main concerns should be:
- AEnvironmental changes between 1985 and 2005 that could affect emotional development
- BRandom assignment of participants to cohorts
- CLocating original participants
- DThe distinction between correlation and causation
7A cross-sectional study spanning an age range of four years...
- ACould, in principle, be completed in a single day
- BYields information comparable to that of a 4-year longitudinal study
- CIs extremely costly and time-consuming
- DRequires 2 years to complete
8You have devised a programme aimed at increasing the achievement motivation of school children. Your goal is to determine both the short-term and the long-term effects of your programme when administered to 7-, 9-, and 11-year olds. You could obtain the information you need in the least amount of time using a
- ACross-sectional design
- BSequential design
- CCross-cultural design
- DLongitudinal design
9Cohort effects are possible in:
- ANone of these options
- BCross-sectional comparisons only
- CBoth sequential and cross-sectional comparisons
- DSequential comparisons only
10The interrelation among the components of the microsystem is the:
- AExosystem
- BEndosystem
- CMesosystem
- DMicrosystem
11Which of the following illustrates the microsystem?
- AThe child's parents interacting with the child's playmates
- BNeighbours the child does not know interacting with the child's playmates
- CDistant friends or family visiting the child's parents
- DThe child playing at the playground with playmates
12A type of learning that depends on the consequence of the behaviour is:
- AOperant conditioning
- BClassical conditioning
- CDesensitisation
- DDrive reduction
13The concept of a critical period comes from:
- ABehavioural genetics
- BEthological theory
- CSociocultural theory
- DEvolutionary developmental psychology
14The divergence of developmental paths in which two individuals start out similarly but end at very different points is:
- AMultifinality
- BAn age cohort
- CA social dyad
- DEquifinality
15By which age has infants' visual acuity reached that of an adult?
- A12 months
- B18 months
- C6 months
- D36 months
16Newborn infants orient more to:
- ANon-faces
- BScrambled faces
- CSchematic faces
- DInverted faces
17Which of these is not a theory of face preferences in newborns?
- AInfants are born with an innate representation of faces
- BFaces are "bottom heavy" in that they have more elements in the lower half
- CFaces display non-facelike stimulus characteristics that are inherently appealing
- DInfants may be born with an innate 'face detecting' brain mechanism
18This theory of attachment development highlights the gratification of instinctual drives like the infant's desire for oral stimulation.
- ALearning
- BCognitive
- CEthological
- DPsychoanalytic
19This theory of attachment development describes the mother as a secondary drive because she is associated with the relief of hunger:
- AEthological
- BCognitive
- CPsychoanalytic
- DLearning
20This theory of attachment development highlights instinctual responses important for the protection and survival of the species.
- ALearning
- BCognitive
- CPsychoanalytic
- DEthological
21The phrase of attachment characterised by recognition of familiar people:
- AClear-cut attachment
- BGoal-corrected partnership
- CPre-attachment
- DAttachment-in-the-making
22An infant's attachment to one special person, usually the mother, emerges by:
- A9 months
- B36 months
- C12 months
- D6 months
23A study of infant attachment among 60 two-parent working-class families in Scotland found that the number of infants who formed a specific attachment to their mother during the first year of life was:
- A93%
- B75%
- C60%
- D82%
24Babies who tend to become very upset at the departure of the mother and exhibit inconsistent behaviors upon the mothers return (e.g., seeking contact with the mother and then angrily pushing her away) have:
- AAn insecure-avoidant attachment
- BAn insecure-ambivalent attachment
- CA secure attachment
- DAn insecure-disorganised attachment
25The two theoretical dimensions used to assess attachment in addition to the four attachment types are:
- ASecure base and anxiety reduction
- BProximity seeking vs. avoidance and anger/resistance
- CPhysical proximity and emotional resistance
- DContact maintenance and secure base
26Which alternative to the Strange Situation provides as output the same four-category classification of secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-disorganised:
- AThe Attachment Q-Set
- BThe California Attachment Procedure
- CThe McArthur Story Completion Test
- DThe Adult Attachment Interview
27Israeli children who live in communal villages called kibbutzim, especially if they regularly sleep there overnight, are less likely to show:
- AInsecure-disorganised attachment
- BSecure attachment
- CInsecure-avoidant attachment
- DInsecure-ambivalent attachment
28The hormone that increases when an infant experiences warm physical contact with a familiar person is called:
- AProlactin
- BSerotonin
- COxytocin
- DVasopressin
29Which of the following is not usually a barrier for attachment formation when the mother is in prison:
- AVisitation rules
- BChanges in both mother and infant caused by their respective environments
- CMother's lack of interest
- DGeographical distance
30Newborn monkeys who are isolated from all social contact during their first year:
- AWithdraw from other monkeys at first, but eventually fully recover
- BAre unable to have normal sexual relations for the next few years before reintegrating into the social group
- CRecover well if properly fathered following isolation
- DShow timid and withdrawn behaviour interaction patterns
31Awareness that the self is different from other people is referred to as:
- AIdentity
- BSense of self
- CRelational self
- DCollective self
32Children with autism:
- AShow similar neurological responses to their own face, a familiar face, and an unfamiliar face
- BShow excessive emotional response when they do successfully self-recognise
- CShow precocious self-recognition
- DAre similar to typically-developing children in self-recognition.
33Mentoring programmes that researchers have evaluated apparently increase children’s self-esteem by:
- ATeaching children to take risks
- BImproving children's relationships with parents
- CIncreasing children's acceptance by peers
- DIncreasing children's social skills
34Children who have reached identity achievement:
- AAre relatively more authoritarian and inflexible
- BAre relatively more able to develop close intimate relationships
- CCan show relatively higher levels of externalising and internalising behaviours
- DAre relatively anxious and ambivalent, with strained relationships
35A child-rearing style that is harsh, unresponsive, and rigid and relies on power-assertive methods of control is called:
- APermissive
- BUninvolved
- CAuthoritative
- DAuthoritarian
36A child-rearing style in which parents are indifferent and neglectful and focus on their own needs rather than those of their children is best described as:
- AAuthoritative
- BAuthoritarian
- CUninvolved
- DPermissive
37Children who are impulsive and aggressive in preschool and uncontrolled, noncompliant, and aggressive in adolescence have parents who are generally:
- APermissive
- BAuthoritative
- CUninvolved
- DAuthoritarian
38When an adult who is interacting with an infant shifts their direction of gaze away from the infant, infants are likely to:
- ANot change their behaviour so long as the person continues to interact
- BSmile less and decrease their looking at the adult
- CFollow the direction of gaze of the interacting person
- DSmile more in order to reinstate the interaction
39This theory of attachment development highlights the ability to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people:
- APsychoanalytic
- BCognitive
- CLearning
- DEthological
40Infants classified as insecurely attached show relatively:
- ALess brain activity in the left temporal lobe
- BLess brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex
- CMore brain activity in the left temporal lobe
- DMore brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex
41People who are born within the same time period and share historical experiences are called...
- AA population
- BAn age cohort
- CA normative event cohort
- DA social dyad
42Which of the following is not emphasised by cognitive social learning theory?
- AReinforcement of observed behaviour
- BObservation and imitation of behaviour
- CMotivation to reproduce or imitate behaviour
- DAttention and retention of observed behaviours
43A theory that stresses the importance of the relations between organisms and environmental systems and the relations between the systems themselves is:
- ASociocultural theory
- BEcological theory
- CEthological theory
- DEvolutionary development theory
44The fact that some children follow very different paths to reach the same developmental end point is:
- AMultifinality
- BEquifinality
- CDomain specificity
- DAge cohorts
45The concept of object permanence was first identified by:
- AVygotsky
- BPiaget
- CFreud
- DErikson
46Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning?
- AA parent tells a child he did a good job after he completes his homework early
- BA parent will not allow a child to watch TV because she broke a house rule
- CA parent makes sure to reward a child's prosocial behaviour at least some of the time
- DAll of the above
47Which of the following is not an advantage of case studies?
- AAllow the study of rare phenomena
- BFacilitate intensive investigation and details about the process under study
- CAre easily generalisable to other individuals
- DAre useful as a precursor or follow-up to studies using other methods
48The degree to which a research study accurately represents events or processes that occur in the real world is:
- AObserver bias
- BReactivity
- CEffect size
- DEcological validity
49A data collection strategy in which participants are signaled at random times throughout the day and record answers to researchers' questions is called:
- AThe experience sampling method
- BEvent sampling
- CParticipant observation
- DStructured observation
50A type of group interview in which an interviewer poses a set of questions answered by the participants of the group is called:
- AA representative sample
- BA structured observation
- CA focus group
- DA field experiment
51The assessment of hormone levels in the body is an example of a:
- ANeurological technique
- BSelf-report
- CMeta-analysis
- DPsychophysiological technique
52A type of experiment in which researchers try to duplicate in the laboratory features or events that occur naturally in everyday life in order to increase the ecological validity of their results is:
- AA field experiment
- BA natural experiment
- CA laboratory analogue experiment
- DAn intervention
53Disadvantages of longitudinal designs over cross-sectional designs include the following:
- AThey take a long time
- BParticipants drop out
- CThey are not flexible to changing conditions or new assessments
- DAll of these
54Distortions in naturalistic observations can be reduced by:
- A(A) conducting repeated observations
- B(B) using less obstrusive observational methods
- CBoth (A) and (B)
- DNeither (A) nor (B)
55Qualitative studies:
- A(A) are ideal for establishing causal effects
- B(B) aid in generating hypothesis
- C(C) can help interpret findings from more objective research
- D(A) and (C)
- E(B) and (C)
- F(B) and (A)
56A research sample in which participants are drawn from strata or categories in the same proportions as they are found in the larger population is:
- ACross-sectional
- BRepresentative
- CEcological
- DExperiential
57A form of observation in which researchers structure a situation so that behaviours they wish to study are more likely to occur is called:
- AA structured observation
- BEvent sampling
- CTime sampling
- DSpecimen record
58The central point of Harlow's experiments with 'surrogate mothers' was that:
- AAttachment occurs in primates as well as humans
- BAttachment is intrinsically tied to the feeding of the infant
- CAttachment is not limited to one caregiver
- DNone of these
59Birds and other infrahuman animals develop a preference for the person or object to which they are first exposed during a brief, critical period after birth. This is referred to as:
- AAttachment
- BSecure base
- CObject permanence
- DImprinting
60Unique contributions of Bowlby's theory include:
- AThe active role played by the infant's smiling and crying
- BEmphasis on the development of a dyadic relationship
- CThe position that attachment is a relationship, not a behaviour
- DAll of these
61The phase of attachment characterised by children understanding their parents' needs:
- AGoal-corrected partnership
- BAttachment-in-the-making
- CClear-cut attachment
- DPreattachment
62Babies who are able to explore novel environments, are minimally disturbed by brief separations from their parents, and are quickly comforted by their parents when they return have a:
- AParental bond
- BSecure base
- CSecure attachment
- DPositive attachment
63Reasons the SSP reveals cultural differences in the proportion of children exhibiting a secure attachment include the following:
- AThe degree to which the Strange Situation stresses infants varies across cultures
- BThe degree to which attachment exists varies across cultures
- CThe definition of a secure attachment varies across cultures
- DAll of these
64Over 80 percent of abused children form _______ to their caregiver(s):
- AInsecure-avoidant attachment
- BInsecure-ambivalent attachment
- CInsecure-disorganised attachment
- DSecure attachment
65If you were observing institutionalized young children living in poor quality orphanages, about how many would you expect to be securely attached?
- AMore than 85%
- BMore than 65%
- CMore than 55%
- DNone of these
66People’s mental representations of themselves in childhood, their parents, and the nature of their interactions with their parents are referred to as:
- AIntergenerational representation
- BInternal working model
- CBoth of these
- DNeither of these
67Individuals who are able to overcome their early insecure attachments and develop secure relationships with their spouses and offspring are referred to as:
- ARecovered secure
- BDelayed secure
- CEarned secure
- DRediscovered secure
68Researchers have found that at age 19, adolescents with a history of secure attachments are more likely to have:
- ALong-term friendships
- BHigher paying jobs
- CEarlier adult depression
- DChildren of their own
69Rank the types of attachment relationships observed among US infants from most-least frequent:
- ASecure, ambivalent, avoidant
- BSecure, avoidant, ambivalent
- CAmbivalent, secure, avoidant
- DAvoidant, secure, ambivalent
70A person's concept of the self within a group is referred to as:
- ARelational self
- BCollective self
- CIndividual self
- DIdentity
71Children begin to describe themselves in terms of their personality traits and social relationships in:
- AEarly adolescence
- BMiddle adolescence
- CLate adolescence
- DNone of the above
72The evaluative component of the self that taps how positively or negatively people view themselves in relation to others is:
- AStereotype consciousness
- BRelational self
- CSense of self
- DSelf esteem
73High self-esteem helps prevent children from:
- ASmoking
- BEngaging in early sex
- CFailing in school
- DNone of the above
74The research on gender differences in self-esteem is best described as showing that:
- AGirls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood, and this continues into adolescence
- BGirls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood but this difference disappears by adolescence
- CGirls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood but boys have lower global self-esteem by adolescence
- DGirls have higher global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood and this continues into adolescence
75When a person has experienced both an identity crisis and an identity commitment, this is referred to as:
- AIdentity diffusion
- BIdentity foreclosure
- CIdentity moratorium
- DIdentity achievement
76Which of the following is true regarding identity in adolescence:
- AThe number of adolescents who have diffused identities or are in moratorium stays the same
- BMore than half remain in the same identity level from early to late adolescence
- CAll adolescents change their identity level
- DBoys change but girls remain at the same identity level
77Which of the following is true of ethnic identity among African Americans and Latinos during adolescence?
- AThey become less proud of their ethnic group because of increasing discrimination
- BThey become less proud of their ethnic group because of increasing media-based stereotypes
- CThey become more proud of their ethnic group
- DTheir level of group pride is set in childhood and does not change in adolescence
78The process by which parents and others teach children the standards of behavior, attitudes, skills, and motives deemed appropriate for their society is:
- ASocialisation
- BCoparenting
- CRoutines
- DAll of these
79When parents are mutually supportive:
- AThey are often less involved with their children
- BThey are often more competent in their childrearing practices
- CTheir relationships with their children are less responsive
- DAll of these
80The indirect effect of parental conflict occurs when:
- AThe child overhears the conflict
- BThe conflict centres on the child's behaviour
- CThe conflict affects parents' childrearing practices
- DAll of these
81A child-rearing style in which parents are warm, responsive, and involved, set reasonable limits, and expect appropriately mature behavior from children is labeled:
- APermissive
- BAuthoritative
- CUninvolved
- DAuthoritarian
82Which of the following statements is accurate regarding child characteristics and parenting style?
- AChildren with difficult temperaments experience increasingly detached socialization strategies from their parents
- BChildren with behavior problems provoke increasingly coercive socialization strategies from their parents
- CChildren with fearful temperaments are less accepted by their parents
- DAll of these
83Any tendency toward sibling rivalry precipitated in the first born child by the birth of sibling can be attenuated if:
- AThe mother maintains her responsiveness to the firstborn
- BThe father becomes more involved with the firstborn
- CThe firstborn has close friendships
- DAll of these
84Day-to-day activities at home, such as making dinner or washing the dishes, are labeled:
- AFamily routines
- BFamily rituals
- CFamily socialisation
- DAll of these
85On average, European American parents are more authoritative and less authoritarian than:
- ALatino parents
- BAsian parents
- CAfrican American parents
- DAll of these
86Available evidence on children of gay parents suggests that compared with children of heterosexual parents:
- AThey show no appreciable differences in terms of emotional or social problems
- BThey show appreciable differences in terms of gender roles
- CThey describe their relationships with their parents are less warm and supportive
- DAll of these
87After divorce, children’s contact with their nonresident parent:
- AIs linked with positive adjustment if the parents can agree on childrearing methods and maintain a cordial relationship
- BRemains helpful even if the nonresident parent becomes a casual adult pal instead of maintaining the parental role
- CRemains helpful even if the nonresident father has a history of antisocial acts
- DRemains helpful especially when the child serves as a go-between for the custodial and nonresidential parents
Informações
- Descrição
- Psychology Quiz sobre ATTACHMENT, criado por jess smith em 06-05-2017.
- Autor
- jess smith
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 3
- Etiquetas
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