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Flashcards

Marxism

Catherine Rayner Sociology A-level Inglês 20 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (20)

  1. 1Key facts of Marxism-Conflict theory
    -Structural theory
    -Macro Theory
    -Modernist Theory
    -Change in Society (revolution)
  2. 2Karl Marx was the founder of Marxism, what were his key ideas?Karl Marx believed that it was possible to understand society scientifically and that this knowledge would point to the way to a better society. Marx was not only a theorists but also a revolutionary socialist. His ideas formed the basis of communism, a political movement that was enormously influential in shaping the modern world.
  3. 3What do Marxists say about historical materialism?Humans are beings with material needs (e.g. food, clothing, shelter) and must work to meet them. In doing so they used the means of production (labour, tools and machines to assist with production). In order to meet their needs, humans must cooperate with one another and enter into the social relations of production. Here a division of labour develops giving rise to two classes.
  4. 4Historical Materialism What are the two classes? and how does production work?- A class that owns the means of production (Bourgeiose)
    -A class of labours (Proletariat)
    Production is directed by the class of owners to meet their own needs. We now live in a society with a capitalist mode of production. The foundation is the economic base (infrastructure) which shapes and determines other features of society/institutions (superstructure) i.e. ideas, belief and behaviour
  5. 5What do Marxists say about class society and exploitation?In class societies (such as capitalist society), one class owns the means of production. This enables them to exploit the labour of others for their own benefit. Importantly, they can control surplus product - this is the difference between what the labourers actually produce and what is needed to simply to keep them alive and working.
  6. 6Capitalism has 3 distinctive features, what is the first feature?The proletariat are separated from the means of production. Because they do not own any means of production, they have to sell their labour power to the bourgeiose in return for their wages in order to survive. HOWEVER, this is not a equal exchange as the proletariat do not recieve the value of goods that their labour produces. Surplus value (profit) is kept by the capitalist class
  7. 7What is the second feature of capitalism?- Competition between capitalists ensure that ownership of the means of production becomes concentrated in fewer hands (culminating in giant transnational corporations). Competition also forces capitalists to pay the lowest wage possible, causing the imporvishment of the proletariat
  8. 8What is the last feature of capitalism?Capitalism continually expands in the pursuit of profit. Technological advances de-skill the workforce.
  9. 9What do Marxists say about ideology?The bourgeoise also own the means of mental production - the production of ideas. The institutions that produce and spread ideas (religion, education, family etc.) all serve the economically dominant class by legitimising their existing social order and presenting it as inevitable. Ideology creates a false class consciousness. However, Marx believed that capitalism impoverishes the worker to such an extent that they would eventually become conscious of their true position as 'wage slaves'
  10. 10What do Marxists say about alienation?Alienation is the result of the loss of control over our labour and its products. Under capitalism alienation reaches its peak for two reasons:
    - Workers are completely separated from and have no control over the forces of production
    - The division of labour is at its most intense - the worker reduced to an unskilled labourer mindlessness repeating meaningless tasks
  11. 11Why does the state exist and what does it do?The state exists to protect the interests of the class owners who control it. The ruling class use the state as a weapon on the class struggle to protect their property, suppress opposition and prevent revolution (reinforced by 'armed bodies of men' i.e. the army, police, prisons and courts)
  12. 12What does Marx say about 'The state, revolution and communism'?Marx envisaged a proletarian revolution to overthrow the existing ruling class. The revolution would abolish the state and create classless, communist society where private ownership and production for profit would be replaced with social ownership and production for human need. Consequently, alienation would end as humans regain control over their labour and its products
  13. 13EVALUATION Marxism has gained theoretical support from Feminism.Marxism has clearly drawn attention to the plight of the disadvantaged in society, the working class. The theory demonstrates...... how society is structured and perpetuates social inequality. Feminists also look at inequalities and conflicts that exist in society but focus on gender rather than class. Concepts generated by Marx have also captured the interest of later sociologists, many of which are used today i.e. alienation and ideology
  14. 14EVALUATION Marxism emphasises the importance of the economy in modern capitalist society...... and links the major social institutions together. Marxism argues that the various parts of society are inter-related and affect one another. Marxism also attempts to link the structural elements of society with the consciousness of the individual
  15. 15EVALUATION Marxism accounts for the revolutionary upheaval as societies... (empirical evidence)... go through large-scale change. For society to change it is only the people who can change it. Empirical evidence includes the French Revolution (1790s), the Russian Revolution (1917), the Chinese Revolution (1930s) and the Eastern Europe Revolution in 1989.
  16. 16EVALUATION Marxists are criticised by functionalists for over-emphasising conflict in society...... It is evident that in order for society to work there must be harmony and shared values. It has also been argued that actually the bourgeoisie can and do make concessions to the proletariat, such as offering higher wages and voting rights.
  17. 17EVALUATION Marxism can be criticised for it economic determinism......They place too much emphasis on the economy and do not fully explore other influential aspects of social structure, for example religion and education
  18. 18EVALUATION The evidence of communism not working shows that Marxist theory is no longer viable...... The collapse of Eastern European and the Soviet Union suggests that the promise of communism has been replaced by the desire for western-style democracies
  19. 19EVALUATION Marx has a simplistic, one-dimensional view of inequality. Weber argues that status and power differences can also...... be important sources of inequality, independently of class. In addition Marx's two-class model is also simplistic. E.g. Weber sub-divides the proletariat into skilled and unskilled classes, and includes a white collar middle class of office workers - all much more relevant to today's society.
  20. 20LINKS TO RESEARCH METHODS Marxists often sit between...... the positivist/interpretivist divide. Positivists because they look for the social causes of behaviour from a macro/structural approach. Interpretivist because they often favour qualitative methods e.g. case studies and unstructured interviewers.

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A-level Sociology (Paper 1 and 3 - Research Methods and Theory) FlashCards sobre Marxism, criado por Catherine Rayner em 01-03-2018.
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