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Flashcards

Mitosis

Jessica Scivier Inglês 65 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (65)

  1. 1What does DNA stand forDeoxyribonucleic acid
  2. 2What is found on DNADNA stores genetic information
  3. 3Where is DNA foundOn chromosome in the nucleus of a cell
  4. 4What is DNA made ofNucleotides
  5. 5What is a nucleotide made ofPhosphate group
    Deoxyribose ( 5 C sugar)
    Nirtogenous base
  6. 6What are the nitrogenous basesAdenine
    Thymine
    Guanine
    Cytosine
  7. 7What type of bases are Adenine and GuaninePurine bases
  8. 8What is a purine baseThey are heterocyclic compounds. That consist of two rings. Pyramidine and imidazole fused together
  9. 9What does heterocyclic meanCyclic compounds with rings made up of at least two different elements
  10. 10What type of bases are Thymine and cytosinepyrimidine bases
  11. 11What is a pyrimidine baseA heterocyclic compound that consists of one pyrimidine ring
  12. 12Through what reactions do nucleotides form polynucleotidesCondensation reactions
  13. 13What is a DNA molecule made oftwo polypeptide chains that are linked together with weak hydrogen bonds between bases
  14. 14What bases can bond with each otherA purine base must always join with a pyrimidine base. Adenine can only join with Thymine and Guanine only with cytosine
  15. 15What is the specific nature of base pairing referred to asComplementary base pairing
  16. 16What shape do the two polynucleotide chains formA double helix
  17. 17How does DNA replicateBy semi conservative replication
  18. 18what does semi conservative replication ensurethat every time a cell undergoes cell division the DNA copies accurately
  19. 19At what phase in the cell cycle does DNA replicateS phase
  20. 20What is the first step of DNA replicationThe DNA molecule unzips. DNA helicase causes the hydrogen bonds between the bases to break exposing the nucleotides
  21. 21What is DNA Helicasean enzyme
  22. 22What is the second stage of DNA replicationNew DNA nucleotides pair with the exposed bases -abide by complementary base pairing rules
  23. 23What is third stage of DNA replicationThe new nucleotides are joined together. DNA polymerase forms bonds between the deoxyribose of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide
  24. 24What bond is formed between nucleotidesphosphodiester bonds
  25. 25Final stage of DNA replicationDNA polymerase proof reads the DNA sequence to ensure there are no base substitutions
  26. 26What three things is mitosis used forFoetal development
    Growth
    Maintenance of the body
  27. 27How is mitosis used in foetal developmentIt can increase a single celled zygote into a multicellular individual
  28. 28What must be ensured when cells divideThat the daughter cells genetic information is identical to the mothers
  29. 29Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cellDNA is found on chromosomes in the nucleus
  30. 30What does a chromosome consist ofEach chromosome consists of a double helix of DNA
  31. 31What structural proteins are chromosomes complexed withHistones
  32. 32What do histones doAssociate with DNA. They package and order DNA into structural units
  33. 33How can histones associate with DNAHistone proteins carry a positive charge and DNA has a negative charge
  34. 34What structural units do histones form with DNANucleosomes
  35. 35What are nucleosomes made ofA segment of DNA wound round 8 histone proteins
  36. 36What nucleosomes formthe repeating units in chromatin
  37. 37Why is essential DNA exists as part of a chromosomeDNA would become damages and tangled during nuclear division
  38. 38What are chromosomesPackage organised structure contain the majority of the DNA of a living organism
  39. 39What protects chromosomes in a cellthe nuclear envelope
  40. 40What are the stages of cell divisionInterphase
    Prophase
    Metaphase
    Anaphase
    Telophase
  41. 41What happen in InterphaseCell is not undergoing cell division
    90% of time in this phase
    the cell carries out cellular functions
    Chromosomes grow and copy in preparation for cell division
    Chromosomes are not visible
    Chromosomes are long thing threads
  42. 42What does the nucleus look like in interphaseNucleus has a speckled appearance
  43. 43What happens during prophase1st stage of mitosis
    Chromosomes condense and become visible, darkly stained structures
    Nuclear envelope disintegrates
    Chromosomes are free in cytoplasm
  44. 44What does the replicated DNA look likeEach chromosome now consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere
    Each chromatid is one molecule of DNA
  45. 45What happens in MetaphaseCentrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
    Centrioles send out microtubules
    Microtubules form the mitotic spindle
    Centromeres attach to the spindle fibres and are pulled to the equator of the cell
  46. 46what are microtubulesTiny protein threads
  47. 47AnaphaseCentromeres divide
    Chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle
    Each chromatid is an exact copy of the original DNA molecule
    The chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes
    The daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
  48. 48What happens during TelophaseMitotic spindle breaks down
    Nuclear envelopes form around daughter chromosomes
    DNA begins to unwind and become less distinct
  49. 49What are the three stages of interphaseG1
    S
    G2
  50. 50What happen during G1Initial growth stage. Proteins are made. Proteins build cell organelles and more cytoplasm is made
  51. 51what happens during s phaseSynthesis stage. DNA is replicated by semi conservative replication
  52. 52What happens during G2Second growth stage
    Cell organelles grow and divide
    Builds energy stores
  53. 53What is another name for cell divisioncytokenesis
  54. 54What two enzymes control the duration of the cell cycleCyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases
  55. 55How do the two enzymes work togetherCyclins activate cyclin-dependant kinases
    They trigger the initiation of each step in the cell cycle. The control the transition between S phase and G2 and Metaphase and anaphase
  56. 56How are cyclins activatedBy hormones binding to protein receptors on the cell surface membrane
  57. 57What protein can bind to cyclin- dependant kinases to stop them from being activatedprotein p21
  58. 58Why would cyclin dependant kinases need to be prevented from activatingIf DNA becomes damaged during G1 the cell cycle need to be stop so that the DNA can be repaired before it is replicated
  59. 59What damages DNARadiation
  60. 60What is another protein that prevents cell divisionp53
  61. 61What happens when DNA can not be fixed and the cell is a threat to the organismThe cell undergoes apoptosis / cell suicide
  62. 62What happens when DNA is damagedIt increase the production of the p53 protein which initiates apoptosis
  63. 63What is the mechanism of apoptosisDNA damaged
    Increased production of p53
    Cell shrinks
    Proteins breakdown and the nucleus shrink irreversibly
    Cell breaks down into small fragments wrapped in membrane
    Macrophages engulf membrane-bound fragments.
  64. 64How do the macrophages know to engulf the fragments of the cellPhosphatidylserine is a phospholipid that is placed on the surface of the membrane.Macrophages recognise this and their protein receptors bind to the phospholipid and engulf the fragments
  65. 65Uses for apoptosis in the bodyForming synapse connections between neurons
    Removing unwanted tissue in foetuses
    Shedding the lining of the endometrium

Informações

Descrição
FlashCards sobre Mitosis, criado por Jessica Scivier em 25-05-2015.
Criado por
Jessica Scivier · mai 2015
Atualizado
30 mai 2016
Visualizações
2
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