Flashcards
OBSERVATIONS FLASHCARDS
Flashcards do conjunto (53)
- 1What is an observation?A non-experimental method of investigation that involves a researcher observing behaviour & looking for patterns
- 2Why can causation not be proved?Bc there's no manipulation of variables
- 3How can observations be used?As a method (entire study is an observation)
As a research technique (part of another method) - 4What is a naturalistic observation?When behaviour is studied in a natural situation where everything has been left as it normally is
- 5What is a controlled observation?When some variables are controlled by the researcher
- 6What does this reduce?The naturalness of the behaviour being studied
- 7Other characteristics?Pps usually know they're being observed
May take place in a lab - 8What is an overt observation?When the role of the researcher is obvious to the pps
- 9What is a covert observation?When the role of the researcher is hidden from the pps
- 10What is a pp observation?When the researcher joins in w the pp group
- 11Give a strength of pp observationsResearcher can gain a deeper insight into behaviour
- 12Give a weaknessCould be harder for the researcher to record everything bc they have to wait for an appropriate moment to write their info down
- 13What is a non-pp observation?When the researcher doesn't take part in the group
- 14What is an unstructured observation?When the researcher records all relevant behaviour but doesn't have a system
- 15Often this is what?The first step in an investigation
- 16What can the results be used for?To create a coding system for further structured observations
- 17The behaviour studied in this kind of observation can often be...Unpredictable
- 18What is a structured observation?When the researcher uses a system to record behaviour
- 19What is a coding system used for?To tally the no. of times a behaviour occurs
- 20What are sampling procedures used for?To decide what to observe and when
- 21What is a coding system?When behaviour is operationalised by being broken into different categories
- 22Give an exampleObserving infant behaviour -> coding system might contain items like biting and kicking aka. signs of aggression
- 23What is event sampling?When the researcher counts each time a particular behaviour is observed
- 24What is time sampling?When the researcher records data at particular intervals
- 25Give an advantage of using observationsTend to have high ecological validity
- 26Why?Involve more natural behaviours
- 27When is this especially high?In naturalistic, covert observations where the pps don't know they're being watched
- 28What does having high ecological validity mean?The findings can be generalised beyond the study
- 29Give another strengthOften have higher validity than questionnaires
- 30Why is this?Bc what people say they do is often different to what they actually do
In obs researcher can see real behaviour as it happens - 31Give a disadvantage of observationsPossible observer bias
- 32When and how can this happen?When the observer has an idea about what they expect to happen, and only record the data that fits in w their theory
- 33What can this cause observations to lack?Validity
- 34Give an exampleA researcher who thinks boys are more aggressive than girls may over-record when boys are aggressive & under-record girls being aggressive
- 35What's another disadvantage of observations?May lack population validity
- 36How can this occur?If the pps being observed aren't representative of the population as a whole, then results can't be generalised to other people
- 37Give an exampleFind that men are more aggressive when they've been drinking
Can't be generalised to women as they aren't the same gender - 38What is an issue w reliability in observations?Obs should be consistent
- 39What does this mean?2 observers should produce exactly the same observations
(Inter-observer reliability) - 40How is this calculated?By correlating the observations of two or more observers
More than 80% agreement = inter-observer reliability - 41How else can reliability be increased?By training observers to use the coding system properly
- 42How can the issue of validity in obs be dealt with?Researcher can conduct further observations in different settings w different people
- 43What will this mean?Results will have higher ecological & population validity
Will be more generalisable - 44How can observer bias be reduced?By using more than one observer
Using the double-blind technique - 45What's the double blind technique?When the observer doesn't know the true aims of the study
- 46How can the validity of the coding system be assessed?Through content, construct and concurrent methods
- 47Give 2 strengths of sampling proceduresObservational sampling methods make it more manageable
Event sampling is useful when the behaviour to be recorded only happens occasionally - 48Give 2 weaknesses of sampling proceduresIf there is too much going on they may miss events = reduced validity
Time sampling might not be representative bc certain behaviours might not occur at times sampled - 49Give a strength of pp observationsCan provide insight from the 'inside'
- 50Give a strength of non-pp observationsObserver is more objective bc they aren't part of the group
- 51Give a weakness of overt observationsPps may change behaviour bc social desirability bias or demand characteristics
- 52Give a weakness of covert observationsEthical issues -> pps can't give consent
May feel their privacy has been invaded - 53However...Usually acceptable to observe in public places
Ppl assume they're being watched anyway
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- AS - Level Psychology (Research methods ) FlashCards sobre OBSERVATIONS FLASHCARDS , criado por lucy duckmanton em 31-03-2016.
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- lucy duckmanton
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