Flashcards
Research Methods - AS/A-Level
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1What is the aim of an experiment?The purpose of the investigation
- 2What is the hypothesis?A testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated
- 3Two types of hypothesis?Directional hypothesis: states the direction of the difference or relationship (used when findings from previous studies showed a particular outcome)
Non-directional hypothesis: does not state the direction (used when there has been no previous research) - 4What is the independent variable?Aspect of the experiment that is changed or manipulated so the effect of the DV can be measured
- 5What is the dependent variable?Variable that is measured by the researcher and any effect should be caused by the IV
- 6What is operationalisation?Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured
- 7What is an extraneous variable?Any variable, other than the IV, that may have an effect on the DV if it's not controlled
- 8What is a confounding variable?Any variable, other than the IV, that may have affected the DV, so we cannot be sure of the true source for the changes to the DV e.g. personality
- 9What are demand characteristics?Cues from the researcher that may be interpreted by pps (participants) as revealing the aims of the study. Leads to pps changing their behaviour.
- 10What are investigator effects?Any effect of the investigator's behaviour on the DV, unconscious or conscious. For example, the design of the study and the selection of pps.
- 11What is randomisation?The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias from extraneous/confounding variables.
- 12What is standardisation?Using the exact formalised procedure and instructions for all pps in a research study
- 13What is an independent groups design?When pps are in two separate groups, each doing a different condition of the experiment
- 14Evaluate the independent groups designAdv: No order effects or demand characteristics (pps are less likely to guess the aims of the study).
Disadv: Participant variables may affect the DV instead of the IV (dealt with by random allocation), less economical. - 15What is a repeated measures design?All pps take part in all conditions of the experiment
- 16Evaluate the repeated measure designAdv: Participant variables are controlled and less pps are needed, so more economical
Disadv: Order effects (controlled by counterbalancing) and demand characteristics - 17What is a matched pairs design?Pairs of pps are matched on some variable(s) affecting the DV, then one pps is assigned to a condition and the other pps is assigned to another
- 18Evaluate a matched pairs designAdv: No order effects or demand characteristics as pps only take part in one condition
Disadv: Pps can't be matched exactly, time-consuming, expensive so less economical - 19What is a lab experiment?Takes place in highly controlled conditions and researcher manipulates IV & records the effect of the DV
- 20Evaluate a lab experimentStrengths: High control of extraneous variables, resulting in high internal validity, can be replicated
Limitations: Lack generalisabilty (artificial environment can lead to low external validity), cause demand characteristics, low mundane realism because of artificial task - 21What is a field experiment?Experiment where IV is manipulated in more natural, everyday setting
- 22Evaluate a field experimentStrengths: High mundane realism because of natural setting, Less chance of demand characteristics and high external validity
Limitations: Low control of extraneous variables so low internal validity, cannot replicate, ethical issues - 23What is a natural experiment?Experiment where the researtcher uses a naturally-occuring IV e.g. gender
- 24Evaluate a natural experiment.Strengths: Provide opportunities for research that would otherwise be ethically or practically possible e.g. institutionalised Roman orphans;
Informações
- Descrição
- Everything on psychology research methods from new AS and A level specification (taught from 2015 - examined in 2017)
- Criado por
- Kelly Bissong
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- 52
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