Flashcards
biology chapter 19
Flashcards do conjunto (126)
- 1hematology- study of blood, blood forming tissues, and functions and properties of blood
- 2blood- a connective tissue with 'cells' suspended in plasma
- 3functions and properties of blood- transportation
- regulation of various body parameters
- protection - 4blood transport- essential for cellular and whole body homeostasis
- transports various substances into tissue cells
- transports substances from body cells - 5transport of various substances to tissue cells- from capillary blood to interstitial fluid then across cell plasma membranes into cytosol
- substances include: oxygen, nutrients, hormones and regulatory factors, electrolytes - 6transport of substances from body's cells, including:- secretory products
- glucose
- cellular waste products - 7blood regulates various body parameters, including:- pH regulation
- thermoregulation
- regulation of osmotic pressure - 8pH regulation- achieved by buffers (phosphate & carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffers & plasma proteins)
- 9thermoregulation- vasoconstriction/ vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
~ vasoconstriction decreases loss of body heat
~ vasodilation increases loss of body heat - 10regulation of osmotic pressure- osmotic pressure exerted by blood & interstitial fluid determined by salt & protein content
~ water balance between ECT & ICF due to their relative contents of salt and proteins
- blood colloidal osmotic pressure due to relative amounts of protein in plasma and interstitial fluid - 11protection- blood contains white blood cells and proteins which protect against foreign cells and particles, cancer cells, and toxins
- hemostasis - 12hemostasis- protection from exsanguination caused by severe traumatic injury
(prevents you from 'bleeding out') - 13Physical characteristics of blood- average adult male: ~5-6 liters blood
- average adult female: ~ 4-5 litres of blood
~ blood temperature at core: 38*C
~ normal blood pH range: 7.35-7.45 - 14Components of blood- centrifuges whole anti-coagulated blood separates into blood plasma and formed elements
- 15Blood plasma- upper layer of centrifuged blood
=ECF found within vessels
- about 55% of whole blood volume
- about 95% water
- contains: nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, buffers, gases, hormones, enzymes and other plasma proteins
- buffers in blood keep pH around 7.4
- plasma constitutes maintain osmotic pressure
- plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen - 16plasma proteins include...- albumins
- alpha and beta globulins
- gamma globulins
- blood clotting proteins - 17Albumins= main colloidal osmotic proteins
- function as transport proteins - 18alpha and beta globulins= transport proteins that carry:
~ fats (cholesterol, phospholipids)
~> apoproteins of LDL, VLDl, HDL and chylomicrons
- fat soluble vitamins
- iron
~> transferrin - 19gamma globulins- antibodies - fight infection
- made by plasma cells, NOT by liver - 20blood clotting proteins- including fibrinogen(I), prothrombin(II), and clotting factors VII, IX and X
- fibrinogen converted to fibrin that foms blood clot meshwork - 21formed elements- lower layer
- RBC's and platelets are NOT true cells
- 45% of whole blood volume - 22hematocrit- precentage of whole blood that is RBS's
- adult Hct > 60% indicates polycythemia, associated with increased blood viscosity
- adult Hct < 30% indicates severe anemia - 23formation sites of blood cells: hemopoiesis- continuous process by which blood cells are formed
- fetal hemopoiesis sites: liver, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, and eventually red bone marrow
- in adult red bone marrow is only site
~> found in trabecular bone of skull, sternum,ribs, vertebrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles, proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur - 24formation process of blood cells: hemopoiesis- red bone marrow contains pluripontent stem cells that ~> many different cell types
- during hemopoiesis, red bone marrow stem cells ~> formed elementsof blood
- hemocytoblast divides and its daughters differentiate into either myeloid stem cell or lymph stem cells, which can divide and self renew
- myeloid stem cells divide and their daughters differientiate into progenitor cells, aka, colony-forming units (CFU) which can divide but cannot self renew
~> CFU's produce blast cells (precursor cells), which divide and ~> formed elements of blood - 25CFU-Eproduce proerythrobasts, which untimately ~> reticulocytes
- 26CFU-Meg- produce megakaryoblasts, which ~> megakaryocytes (large nucleus cell), which ~> blood platelets
- 27CFU-GMproduce:
- eosinophilic myeloblasts ~> eosinophils
- basophilic myeloblasts ~> basophils
- neutrophilic myeloblasts ~> neotrophils
- monoblasts ~> monocytes - 28CFU-Mast~> mast cells
- 29lymphoid stem cells- divide and their daughter cells dierentiate into:
T-lymphoblasts which ~> T-lymphocytes
B-lymphoblasts which ~> b-lymphocytes
NK-lymphoblasts which ~> natural killer cells
- mature blood cells collect in blood sinuses which surround red bone marrow and enter general circulation
- lymphocytes continue their development in thymus gland - 30hemopoietic growth factors include:- erothropoietin (EPO)
- thrombopoietin (TPO)
- cytokins - 31erthropoietin (EPO)- EPO stimulates proliferation of RBC progenitor cells (CFU-E), which ~> more RBC's
- recombinant EPO used to treat uremic patients - 32thrombopotin (TPO)- stimulates myeloid stem cells ~> CFU-Meg that ~> megakaryoblasts that ~> megakaryocytes that ~> blood platelets
- recombinant TPO used to treat thrombocytopenia - 33cytokines- glycoprotein local hormones
- made by WBC's red bone marrow, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells
- 2 types - 34two types of cytokines- colony-stimulating factors (CSF) ~> proliferating of bone marrow progenitor cells (CFU-GM) that ~> myeloblasts and monoblasts
- interleukins regulate specific and non-specific immune WBCs responses - 35red blood cells (RBCs)- carriers of oxygen, bound to hemoblobin
- 36RBC count- RBCs in a microlitre of blood
- male: ~5.4 million cells/mm^3 blood
- female: ~4.8 million ''
- ~2 million old or damaged RBCs destroyed each second by fixed macrophages
red bone marrow must replace blood at same rate - 37anemia- inadequate RBCs in blood to supply oxygem to tissues
- 38polycythemia- too mant RBCs, making blood too viscous
- 39RBC anatomy- 8 microm biconcave, disc-shaped cells without nuclei or organelles
- cannot divide and very limited metabolic functions
- not true cells; membrane bags of hemoglobin - 40RBC physiology- make ATP by glycolysis
- each rbc is ~33% Hb
- role of Hb = O2 transport
- Hb transports 23% of total blood CO2
- Hb transports nitric oxide (NO) = vasodilator - 41role of Hb = O2 transport1) Hb loosely binds O2 in lungs
- Hb + O2 ~> oxyhemoglibin (oxyHb)
2) Hb readily releases O2 into tissues
- slightly acidic enviroment of peripheral tissues is because cells ~> ATP and CO2
- Hb that has given up a lot of its O2 is called reduced hemoglobin
- but still contains ~60% of O2 bound in lungs
*) proportion of Hb that is oxyHb accounts for a difference in color of blood
a) blood in systemic arteries is bright red
b) blood in systemic veins is darker red - 42calculation of total Hb content of human body- each RBC contains ~280 million Hb mollecules
- therefore (5X10^6 RBC/mm^3)(5 litres of blood)(1000ml/liter)(1000microL/mliter)(280 X10^6 Hb molecues/RBC) = 7 X10^21 molecules Hb in body
- total number of O2 molecules could be 4X that number - 43Hb molecule consists of:1) globin protein
~ each Hb molecule has 4 globin protein chains: 2 alpha and 2 beta-globin chains
2) iron-containing heme
~ heme = ring-like sructure that holds iron atom
~ each hemecan bond 1 O2 molecule
~ Hb molecule has 4 heme groups
- RBCs also contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase which reversibly catalyzes the following reaction:
CO2 + H2O <~> H2CO3 <~> H + HCO3
~ this enxyme enables 70% of CO2 to be carried to lungs as HCO3 - 44average lifespan of red blod cell- ~120 days
- 45degregation of old of damaged RBCs- destroyed be fixed macrophages of liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
- released Hb degregaded into heme and globin
~ globin amino acids reused
~ iron recycled: transferin, ferritin - 46transferin- iron transport protein of blod
- 47ferritin- intracellular iron-storage protein found in muscle, liver cells and fixed macrophages of RES
- 48hemochromatosis- inherited iron overload disease, usually seen in males
~> excessive iron deposits in organs
~> free radical damage to liver, heart, pancreas, ect - 49iron overload disease- excessive GI iron absorbtion exceeds available transferrin and ferritin binding sites, producing deleterious effects like hemochromatosis
- 50disposal of heme structure- porphyrin ring broken down by RES macrophages, ~> biliverdin ~> bilirubin
- bilirubin carried in bloodstream by plasma proteins to liver
- in liver, bilirubin conjugated with glucronic acid, then excreted into bile
- bile concentreated within gallbladder and released into small intestine
- conjugated bilirubin travels to large intestine, converted by colonic bacteria to urobilinogen
- some urobilinogen reabsorbed, becoming urobilin excreted by kidneys
- most urobilinogen remains in large intestine, and converted by bacteria into stercobilin - 51erythropoiesis- process by which RBCs formed in red bone marrow
- if rumber of RBCs too low in blood, tissue hypoxia may result
erythropoietin (EPO) released ny kidneys whenever blood oxygen levels too low
- EPO ~> erythropoiesis: EPO stimulates CFU-E progenitor cells to ~> proerythroblasts ~>~> reticuloytes ~> RBCs
~ 1-2 days after release into blood, reticulocytes become mature RBCs - 52blood doping- recombinant EPO used by some atheletes to enhance physical proformance
- EPO-induced polycythemia ~> increased O2-carrying capacity of blood but also increased blood viscosity and ~> rist of hypertension, heart attacks and strokes - 53differance between WBCs and RBCs- WBCs are larger
- WBCs have nucleus
- WBCs lack hemoglobin
~ to visualize WBCs with microscope, blood smear stained with Wright's stain
- WBS less numerous
- WBCs have a major histobombatibility complex antigens on surface
=> cell identity markers
- WBC lifespan usualy hours or days - 54WBC numbers and diseases- WBC count: 5,000 - 10,000 cells/mm^3
-leukocytosis: WBC coult exceeds 10,000 cells/mm^3
- leukopenia: WBC count falls below 5,000 cells/mm^3 - 55WBC function- fight infections, infestations, and cancer
- 56types of WBCs- granular leukocytes
- agranular leukocytes - 57granular leukocytes- granular WBCs - prominent peri-nuvlear granules
- 3 subtypes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils - 58neutrophils- most abundant WBCs in blood
- display small pale lilac-colored granules
~ granules have low affinity for acidic and basic dyes of Wright's stain
- multi-lobed nuclei joined by nuclear threads: 2-5 lobes
~ polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs or polys - 59eosinophils- large granules that take up red eosin dye
- 2-lobed nucleus, connected by strand of nuclear material and not obscured by stained granules - 60basophils- granules great affinity for blue basic dye
- 2-lobed nucleus obscured by stained granules - 61agranular leukocytes- lack of prominant granules
- 2 subtypes: monocytes, lymphocytes - 62monocytes- largest WBCs
- kidney-shaped or horse-shoe shaped nucleus
- blue-gray or purple-blue foamu-looking cytoplasm
- migrate from bloodstream nad transform into macrophages - 63lymphocytes- single spherical or slightly-indented nucleus
~ thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding nucleus
- smallest WBCs
- small lymphocytes (6-9 microm) and large (10-14 microm)
- 3 subtypes: B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and NK lymphocytes - 64differential WBC count- useful in diagnosis
- wuantifies numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes as a percentage of the total number of WBCs in blod
- complete blood count (CBC): differential WBC count, RBC and platelet counts, Hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoblobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) - 65function of WBCs: neutrophils- phagocytize nad digest microbes
- early inflamatory response
- manufacture chemiclas:
~lysosome
~ oxidants
~ antibiotic-like defensins
~lysosomal protease - 66function of WBCs: eosinophils- phagecytize circuating immune complexes
- combat allergic responses
~ release histaminase and other enzymes to destroy imflammatory mediaors
- kill parasitic worms - 67function of WBCs: basophils- many similarities to mast cells
- release garnules containing histamine, serotonin and heparine - 68function of WBCs: monocytes- transform into macrophages when they pass from bloodstream into tissues
~ fixed macrophages
~ wandering macrophages
~> later stages of inflammatory response
~> enter invasion site ~36 hours injury
~> clean up tissue debris, microbes
- magrophages = antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helping B- and T-lymphocytes - 69lymphocytes- 3 types:
~ B-lymphocytes
~ T-lymphocytes
~ natural killer (NK) lymphocytes - 70function of WBCs: B-lymphocytes- B-cells
- produce antibody-mediated immunity
- secrete antibodies targeted to antigens on surface of foreign cell or to toxins
- differientiate into plasma cells - 71function of WBCs: T-lymphocytes- T-cells
- produce cell-mediated immunity
- T-cells directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells
- cause immune rejection of organ transplants - 72function of WBCs: natural killer (NK) lymphocytes- target abnormal MHC cell surface antigens of cancer cells and virus-infected cells
-release perforins and pro-apoptosis molecules
~ cytolysis - 73chemotaxins- chemical attractants of WBCs
- eg. microbial toxins, kinins, colony stimulating factors - 74response of WBCs to chemotaxins- 2-step process by which WBCs leave circulation: migration (find way to side of vessel and squeeze out) and emigration (will not return to circulation)
- adhesion molecules
- monocytes and granular never return to bloodstream
- lymphocytes are capable of re-entry into circulation via lymph
~ only 2% of lymphocytes at any gives time are circulating in blood stream - 75adhesion molecules- selectins on endothelial cell surfaces
- integrins on WBC surfaces
- after migration, WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells - 76platelets- fragments of red bone marrow megakaryocytes
- do not have nuclei, but have granules
~ granules contain: platelet thromboplastin, ADP, ATP, calcium, serotonin, COX-2 enzyme, fibrin-stabilizing factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
- survive only 5- days in general circulation - 77normal platelet count- 150,000 - 400,000 platelets/mm^3 of blood
- 78thrombocytopenia- too few blood platelets
- 79platelets are involved in- hemostasis - immediate stopping of blood flow from injured blood vessel
~ platelets aggregate ~> platelet plug
~ platelets release cemicals that ~> vasoconstriction of arterioles
- initiating blood clotting - reinforce platelet plug - 80stem cell transplants from bone marrow adn cord blood- if patient has cancerous bone marrow, it can be destroyed with radiation and chemotherapy, and re-seeded with stem cells from normal bone marrow or cord blood
- doner bone marrow is heterologous (unrelated doner) or autologus (identical twin or self)
- transplanted normal bone marrow or cord blood given intravenously to recipient
- stem cells re-populate recipient's red bone marrow ithin 2-3 weeks - 81disadvantages of heterologous grafts1) graft-versus-host disease: graft T-cells attack recipient's tissues
2) any surviving recipient's T-cells attack and kill graft
3) immunosuppressive drug therapy
~ lowers immunity, damages kidneys and liver - 82advantages of using neonatal cord blood- abundant, unlikely to be virally-infected and less likely to ~> graft-versus-host disease
- 83hemostasis- process of stopping blood flow from injured blood vessel
- 3 main mechanisms prevent hemorrage:
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- blood cloting (coagulation) - 84vascular spasm- decreases blood flow through damaged blood vessel if cut via immediate vasoconstriction
- 3 mechanisms may ~> vasoconstrictor response:
1) release of platelet serotonin and thromboxane A2
2) damage to vascular smooth muscle ~> spontaneous contraction
3) pain receptors trigger vasoconstrictor reflexes - 85platelet plug formation- when blood vessel cet, platelets exposed to collagen and adhere (platelet adhesion), because platelets adhere to negatively-charged surfaces
- platelet adhesion ~> platelet activation and degranulation
- platelet plug fills break in blod vessel
- platelet plug re-enforced with fibrin meshwork - 86blood clotting (coagulation)- assembling of fibrin clot that reinforces platelet plug ad traps formed elements in meshwork
- 13 blood clotting factors including Ca
~most are proenzymes, arranged as activation cascade
~> activation of 'early' proenzyme sped up by activation of 'later' enzymes - 87extrinsic and intrinsic pathways- clotting mechanism initiated by:
a) tissue trauma ~> rapid exrinsic pathway
b) damage to endothelial cells ~> platelet activation ~> slow intrinsic pathway
- lipid materials released:
~ tissue thromboplastin = lipoproteins and phospholipids
~ platelet thromboplastin = phospholipids
~ lipids + Ca activate cascade ~> activation of factor V to ~> prothrombinase - 88common pathway- shared by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
- prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin in presence of Ca
- in the presence of Ca, thrombin digests fibrinogen ~> fibrin monomers, which self-assemble into fibrin threads, which produce framework of clot, trapping formed elements
- blood clot
- serum - 89blood clot- platelet plug + surrounding fibrin mesh + entrapped formed elements
- 90serum- blood plasma without clottign factors
- 91during inflammatory reaction- arterioles vasodilate and capillary permiability increases, allowing clotting factors to escape
- clotting cascade activated in interstitail space ~> fibrin clot - 92clot reaction- process of drawing together edges of damaged blood vessel
- occures because platelets pull on fibrin threads
- expedites repair process
- fibrin-stabilizing factor (Xlll) - 93role of vitamin K in clotting- to synthesize activation clotting factors, liver needs vitamin K
~ if diets deficient in vitamin K ~> hemorrage disorders
~ anticoaguant warfarin inhibits vitamin K activity
~ vitamin K = fat-soluble vitamin found in dark green leafy vegatables
~> vitaming K can be converted to vitamin K2 by gut bacteria
~> vitamin K2 helps regulate calcium deposition in tissues - 94homeostatic controll mechanisms- fibrinolysis
~> plasmin
~> plasminogen
- other controlls on blood clotting
~> prostacyclin
~> endogenous anticoagulants
~> activated protein C - 95fibrinolysis- necessary:
a) to prevent spread of intravascular clotting
b) to remove blood clots after vessel repair completed
- to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulatio, both blood clotting and fibrinolysin mechanisms activatd simultaneously - 96plasmin- aka fibrinolysin
- destroyes fibrin polymer, dissolving clot - 97plasminogen- inactive form of plasmin
- thrombin, activated XII and tissue plasinogen activator (TPA) ~> plasminogen activation - 98thrombolytics- TPA-like drugs or recombinant TPA
- 99prostacyclin- derived from fatty acids
- prostaglandin made by endothelial cells and WBCs
- it inhibits release of thromboxane A2 from platelet membranes, which blocks platelet adhesion and platelet degranulation
- thromboxane A2 = vasoconstriction and prothrombotic
- prostacyclin = vasodilator and antithrombotic - 100low dose asprin (ASA)- inhibits vasoconstriction nad platelet aggregation
- because ASA blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2
- ASA lowers risk if arteriol occlusion by platelet initiated blood clot - 101endogeneous anticoagulants: antithrombin III and heperin- antithrombin III = protease inhibitor
- antithrombin III + heperin ~> protein inhubition of thrombin and clotting factors XII, X and II
- this combination in ~1000X more potent than antithrombin III acting alone - 102activated protein C- produces potent inhibition of clotting factors V and VIII
- 103intravascular clotting- thrombosis
- embolism - 104thrombosis- formation of blood clot in unbroken blood vessel - thrombus
a) arterial thrombosis
b) venous thrombosis - 105arterial thrombosis- accures in arteries, especially at sites of endothelial damage, which allow adhesion of platelets, creating a platelet-initited blood clot
- low-dose ASA reduces risk of such clots - 106venous thrombosis- occures in veins, since blood moves more slowly
- this may trigger blood clotting ~> a fibrin blood clot
- risk lessened by taking anticoagulant medications: heparin, warfarin - 107embolism- obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (moving plug), moving with the flow
- many kinds of emboli
~ thromboembolus: dislodged blood clot
- embolus can ~> occlusive event ~> ischemia (holding back blood from tissue cells) ~> possible tissue necrosis - 108ABO blood group- 4 blood types: A,B,AB,O
- 2 possible antigens on RBC membrane surfaces: antigen A and antigen B
- blood plasma may contain large IgM antibodies that bins to either antigen A, antigen B or both
- called anti-A antibody and anti-B antibody - 109type O blood- no antigens (A or B) on RBC surfaces
- both antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) in plasma
- universal doners
~ can donate RBCs to anyone regardless of ABO blood type - cannot donate plasma to just anyone - 110type A blood- antigen A of RBC surfaces
- anti-B antibody in plasma - 111type B blood- antigen B on RBC surfaces
- anti-A antibody in plasma - 112type AB blood- both antigens A + B on RBC surfaces
- no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
- universal recipient
~ can recieve packed RBCs from anybody, regardless of doner ABO blood type - cannot recieve plasma from just anyone - 113blood transfusions and agglutination reactions- inportant to consider both the so-called mayor reaction (btw doner RBCs and recipiants plasma) and the minor reaction (btw doner plasma and recipient RBCs
- mismatch ~> agglutination - 114blood typing- blood sample is mixed with a small quantity of antiserum containing either anti-A antibodies or anti-B antobodies to detect posible agglutination reaction
- 115cross-matching- mixign doner RBCs with recipient plasma to detect possible agglutination reactions
- 116agglutination reactions- reactions seen when:
~ RBCs with A antigens mixed with blood containing anti-A antibodies in its plasma or mixed with antiserum containing anti-A antibodies
(same for B antigens/ with anti-B plasma or serum) - 117Rh blood groups- Rh+ individuals have Rh antigens on RBC surfaces
- Rh- individuals have no Rh antigens on RBC surfaces
~ Rh- indivuduals will make Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh antigens - 118Rh in pregancy- if mother is Rh- and father is Rh+, fetus may be Rh+
- diring birth process, fetal Rh+ RBCs may leak into mothers blood, immunizing her agains future Rh+ fetuses
- when anti-Rh antibodies cross placents into fetal blood ~> hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) (erythroblastosis fetalis) - 119prevention of erythroblasosis fetalis- injections containing anti-Rh Abs ~> breif period of passive immunity against Rh+ cells in mothers blood
~ this prevents mother from developing active immunity
- Rh immune globin injections given:
1) halfway through first pregnancy, and
2) no later than 72 hours after giving birth to Rh+ child o after miscarriage or abortion - 120disorders: homeostatic imbalances- aminia
- sickle cell disease
- hemoplilia
- leukemia - 121anemia- insufficient numbers of RBCs in blood, or individual RBCs within blood lack sufficient Hb content
- person feels exhausted, feeling tired and 'run-down' and is intolerant to cold
- different types of anemia - 122sickle cell disease- sickle cell hemglogin (Hb-S) in inherited as an sotsomal recessive trait
- if 2 defective copies of Hb-S gene inherited, individule has sickle cell disease
- when deoxyHb-S formed in blood, RBC Hb-S molecules assume a sickle shape
- this ~> RBCs to sickle and increase their rendency to rupture
~ average RBC lifespan in sickle cell disease is 10-20 days
~> causing severe anemia nad possible vascular occlusion, causing ishemia
- sickle cell crisis - 123sickle cell trait- if only one Hb-S gene is inherited, individule is carrier
- Hb-S gene can be passed to next generation
- RBCs of persons with sickle cell trais are mosaics:
~ half of RBC Hb normal Hb and half Hb-S
- Hb-S carriers show survival advantages in areas with malaria epidemic
~ intra-erythrocytic stage of malarial organism's life cycle disrupted by Hb-S - 124hemophilia- a recessive X-linked genetic trait
- hemophilia impairs blood clotting
- 2 types:
1) hemophilia A = mutations of factor VIII gene
2) hemophilia B = mutations of factor IX gene
- hemophilia ~> prolonged bleeding - 125leukemia- cancer of red bone marrow
- distrupts hemopoiesis and ~> anemia, infections and excessive bleeding
- cancerous WBCs spread to liver adn lymphoid tissues
- cause: usually unclear - 1264 types of leukemia1) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) = rapidly progressive cancer of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes
2) acute meylogenous leukemia (AML) = rapidly progressive cancer of meyloblasts
3) chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) = slow progressive cancer of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes
4) chronic meylogenous leukemia (CML) = slow progressive cancer of meyloblasts
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- Biology FlashCards sobre biology chapter 19, criado por Jaimee Mc em 19-03-2018.
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- Jaimee Mc
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