Flashcards
3. Instrumental/Classical conditioning
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1Explain Thorndike's Learning by trial and errorInitially learning occurs by trial & error
- 2Explain Thorndike's law of effectLearning depends on reinforcement
Positive strengthens association
Negative weakens association - 3Who talks about trial & error and the law of effectThorndike
- 4Who talks about paradigm of operant conditioningSkinner
- 5Explain Skinner's boxAnimals have to respond in a particular way to a given stimulus to receive a reward
- 6Name 4 types of phenomena that occur in both classical and operant conditioningGeneralisation
Discrimination
Blocking
Secondary Conditioning - 7What occurs when the reinforcing stimulus is desirable and the response produces reinforcementPositive reinforcement
- 8What occurs when the reinforcing stimulus is desirable and the response prevents reinforcementomission training (extinction)
- 9What occurs when the reinforcing stimulus is aversive and the response prevents reinforcementNegative reinforcement (avoidance)
- 10What occurs when the reinforcing stimulus is aversive and the response produces reinforcementPunishment
- 11Who talks about reinforcement & drive reductionHull 1949
- 12Define an organisms drivemotivational state
- 13What does the response strength depend onDrive x Incentive x Habit strength
- 14Explain what the speed of a running rat would depend onDrive (hours of deprivation) x Incentive (quality & amount of reinforcer) x Habit strength (amount of instrumental conditioning)
- 15Who talks about reinforcement & the premack principlePremack 1959
- 16Premack states that an activity that has a higher probability of occurrence will......reinforce lower probability activity
- 17What does Premack say about preferences of activitiesThey are not fixed but depend on deprivation and vary across individuals
- 18Define reinforcement & shapingGradual and selective reinforcement to produce specific behaviours that an animal would be unlikely to emit naturally
- 19What does response training ensureThat elements of trained behaviour are carried out in the correct temporal order
- 20What are the 4 reinforcement schedulesFixed-interval
Variable-interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio - 21What is a fixed-interval reinforcement scheduleFixed time between subsequent reinforcements
- 22What is a variable-interval reinforcement scheduleTime interval between subsequent reinforcements varies around some mean value
- 23What is a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedulereinforcement is given after a fixed number of response has been made
- 24What is a variable-ratio reinforcement scheduleThe number of responses per enforcement varies around some mean value
- 25Which two sets of people studied supertitious learningSkinner 1948
Staddon & Simmelhag 1971 - 26Explain Skinners methodology when studying supertitious learningTrained pigeons using a fixed-interval schedule
- 27Explain Skinners findings when studying supertitious learningPigeons developed routine like behaviour
Appearance of food had nothing to do with pigeons behaviour - 28What did Skinner use to explain the pigeons behaviour during his study on supertitious behaviouraccidental contiguities
- 29What did Staddon & Simmelhag 1971 find in their replication of Skinners study into supertitious learningIdentified two types of behaviour
1. Interim behaviour (not-food related)
2. Terminal behaviour (food related) - 30In instrumental conditioning what does the previous reinforcement history effectthe time course of extinction
- 31Define Partial reinforcement extinctionThe resistance to extinction found after a schedule where not all responses are followed by reinforcement
- 32How does Capaldi explain partial reinforcement extinctionOrganism learns to associate non-reinforced responses with eventual reinforcement.
Therefore maintains response for longer period of time - 33How does Amsel explain partial reinforcement extinctionDuring initial training organism becomes frustrated when it does immediately receive reinforcement
Learns to associate frustration with reinforcement that eventually follows
When frustrated during extinction it also expect reinforcement - 34Who talks about learned helplessnessSeligman & Maier 1967
- 35Explain Seligman & Maier's method1. Dogs given electric shocks
Control group could stop shock by pushing panel
2. Dogs put in avoidance situation where they could avoid shock by jumping over barrier - 36Explain Sligman & Maier's findingsDogs in control group learned quickly to jump
Dogs in experimental group did nothing
- learned helplessness
Informações
- Descrição
- January - 2015 exams (Cognitive Psychology) FlashCards sobre 3. Instrumental/Classical conditioning, criado por Alice Betteridge em 31-12-2014.
- Criado por
- Alice Betteridge
- Visualizações
- 11
- Avaliação
Mais sobre Classical and operant conditioning