Flashcards
Intro to Psych and The scientific method
Flashcards do conjunto (54)
- 1Psychology?Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind.
- 2Scientific approach of psychology?It takes the usual scientific path of systematically and evaluating empirical evidence.
- 34 questions to ask when thinking critically?What are the claims being made?
Who is making the claim? Are they credible?
What is the evidence provided?
Are there any other explanations to it?
What is the most appropriate conclusion to come to? - 44 goals of Psychology?To describe human behaviour
To understand and evaluate human behaviours
To predict human behaviors under different conditions
To influence or control human behavior in order to enhance human welfare - 5Basic Research vs Applied ResearchBasic research is a quest for knowledge for its own sake, whereas applied research is designed to solve a specific practical problem.
- 6Levels of analysis of human behavior? (A simple framework)Biological – brain / genetic influences
Psychological – thoughts / feelings / motives
Environmental - specific stimuli such as aromas and etc - 7Mind-body dualismThis is the idea that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body.
- 8MonismHolds the idea that the mind and the body are one, not a spiritual entity.
- 9Psychological perspectivesBehaviorism, Humanistic, Neuroscience, Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Sociocultural perspective
- 10BehaviorismAttributes a persons behaviour to their environment and experiences.
- 11HumanisticHumans naturally strive for personal growth, develop and control their lives and behaviour
- 12NeuroscienceOur brain and physiology shape our behavior
- 13Cognitive (The thinking human)How we think and comprehend the world around us, and how our world view can affect our behaviour.
- 14Sociocultural perspectiveStudies how social environment and cultural influences affect our behaviour, thoughts and feelings.
- 15Name the different schools of psychologyStructuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, gestalt, psychoanalysis, cognitive behaviourism
- 16StructuralismThe study of the mind by breaking it down to its basic components
- 17FunctionalismStructuralism eventually gave way to functionalism, which is the close study of consciousness.
- 18BehaviorismAttributes the cause of behaviour to the person's environment and experiences
- 19Cognitive behaviorismIt studies how thoughts, expectations, experiences and the environment give us the information we need to behave effectively.
- 20Gestalt psychologyHow the mind unifies experiences in a whole, unified perception.
- 21PsychoanalysisDeveloped by Sigmund Freud. It is the theory that our unconscious parts of our mind profoundly influences behaviour.
- 22Evolutionary psychologyStudies how evolution shaped human behaviour.
- 23IndividualismThe emphasis on self.
Mainly found in industrialized countries and the North America and Europe. - 24Confirmation biasUsually when our beliefs are established, we fail to test them due to this bias
- 25Critical thinkingInvolves taking and active role in understanding the world around us, instead of merely receiving information.
- 26Free associationThis is where a person is allowed to freely talk and express anything they feel.
This is type of psychoanalysis. - 27SocializationWhen the values of a group are passed down to a new member and that person internalizes them.
- 28The Scientific ApproachThis is where scientists take concrete and systematic steps to avoid bias and problems that me lead to inaccurate conclusions.
- 29What are some techniques they use in the scientific approach?- The used statistics to analyze correlations in order to avoid make illusory ones.
- The use multiple people to analyze and record behavior (by using an inclusive sample or random sampling)
- They use instruments (eg: video recorders) to objectively and accurately record peoples responses. - 30Scientist need to be?Curious, skeptic and open-minded
- 31Steps in the scientific processGather info and form hypothesis.
Test hypothesis by designing and running experiment.
Find the truth.
Publish findings.
Build a body of knowledge, conduct more research. - 32What are the two approaches to understanding behaviour?1. Hindsight (After the fact understanding)
2. Prediction, control and theory building - 33TheoryA theory is a formal statement which explains how and why certain events are related to one another.
1. They are broader than hypothesis
2. They are usually made up of several hypothesis
3. More elaborate than hypothesis
4. Good theories generate good hypothesis - 34HypothesisA specific 'if-then' statement
- 35The five research methodsObservational method (Naturalistic observation), Survey method, case study method, correlational method, Experimental method
- 36Observational method (Naturalistic observation)Observe without interfering and come to conclusions. (like studying classroom students through a one-way mirror)
- 37Survey methodGive people surveys and questionnaires
- 38Case study methodAn in-depth study of an individual, group or event.
(It is a poor method to determine cause and effect) - 39Experimental method:Manipulating one or more variable to see the effect on some behaviour
- 40Correlational methodDetermine a relationship b/w to or more variables.
Remember than correlations does not necessarily mean causation. - 41Two problems of correlational research?The interpretive problem is called the third variable problem. Z is responsible for what looks like a relation between X and Y. When Z changes it causes X and Y to change in unison. But this is not as a result X and Y on each other. It is a major disadvantage of correlational research.
Bi-directionality problem: Genetic and environmental problems which may be relevant to how humans develop psychologically. - 42Canadian code of ethics for psychologists1. Protect and promote the welfare of the participants
2. Avoid doing harm to participants
3. Obtain informed concept – oral or in writing
4. Do not carry out a study unless the probable risk is proportionally greater than the risk
5. Take all steps to ensure that consent is not given under coercion
6. Ensure privacy and confidentiality - 43Correlation coefficientA statistic that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
- 44Positive coefficientIncrease in one variable shows and increase in the other variable
- 45Negative coefficientWhen higher scores in one variable are associated with lower scores on another variable
- 46Experimental groupThe group that received the medication or treatment
- 47Control groupThe group that is not exposed to the treatment or are given zero-level treatment.
- 48Confounding of variablesThis is where two variables have interwined in a creating ay that we cannot say which one affected the dependant variable.
- 49Experimenter expectancy effectthis is where the experimenter may cause a subject to sway in a certain direction because they are invested in the hypothesis.
- 50Social desirability biasthe tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or behaves.
- 51Self report measuresUsed to ask individuals about their knowledge, attitudes, feelings, experiences or behaviours.
- 52Representative sampleThis is where random sampling is used to obtain a set of subjects who represent the population fairly.
- 53Psychological testsin its essence they are specialized self-reports which are used by psychologists to measure numerous variables.
- 54Self-enhancing biasThinks we are better than others in a variety of dimensions.