Flashcards
Research Methods
Flashcards do conjunto (80)
- 1Extraneous VariablesParticipant variables
Situational variables
Experimenter variables
Found before the experiment is conducted - 2Advantages of lab experimentsInfer cause and effect
Easily replicated
More objective than others - 3Disadvantages of lab experimentsLow in ecological validity
Demand characteristics
Evaluation Apprehension - 4Field experimentsExperimental investigations carried out in the natural environment.
Still manipulate IV
Not as controlled as lab.
High ecological validity
No demand characteristics - 5Advantages of field experimentsGood ecological validity
Can infer cause and effect
No demand characteristics - 6Disadvantages of field experimentsCannot control extraneous variable so changes in DV may not be from the manipulation of IV.
Difficult to replicate.
Lack of informed consent
Issues with right to withdraw
Some can't be debriefed - 7Internal validityIs the method measuring what it intends to measure?
- 8Temporal validityCan it be generalized over different time periods?
- 9Population ValidityCan it be generalized to the target population
- 10Natural experimentsThe IV is naturally occuring
- 11Advantages of natural experimentsHigh eco-logical validity
No demand characteristics
Investigates the effects of IV that would be unethical to manipulate - 12Disadvantages of natural experimentsLack of control of extraneous variables
Cannot infer cause and effect (lacks internal validity)
Not reliable
Sample bias
Time consuming and expensive - 13Quasi experimentIV that is based on an existing difference between people, no one ha manipulated this variable it simply exists
- 14Strengths and limitations of quasiControlled conditions-share strengths of lab
Cannot randomly allocate pps-cofounding variables - 15HypothesisTestable research predictions of what you expect to happen.
- 163 types of hypothesisExperimental
Alternative
Null - 17ExperimentalA statement of the predicated outcome when using an experimental method.
A predication of what will happen to the DV when the IV changes - 18AlternativeA statement of the predicted outcome when using any method
- 19NullA statement suggesting the IV will have no effect
States that the IV will have no effect the DV
Used to prove that their is no relationship between two variables - 20Limitations of operational definitionsThe definer may place subjective meanings on words.
The definition may only cover part of the actual meaning - 21OperationalisationDefining all variables in such a way that it is easy to measure them.
- 22Pilot studyTrial study
checks conditions are adequate- time etc
Instructions are standardized
All terms/variables are operationalized - 23Content analysisTake qualitative data and analyse it to draw conclusions, looking at key themes/phrases in the text.
1. read text
2.Pick out key themes/phrases
3. create a table for tallys
4. Re-read text and tally themes - 24Advantages to content analysisGreat to study emotions and motivation
can establish what caused the behaviour - 25Disadvantages to content analysisCan't generalize
Not scientific- no statisitcs
Subjective
Lacks internal validity due to ambiguous language - 26Case studiesA very detailed study into the life and background of one person/small group.
Researchers may look at past records-e.g medical
Use qualitative methods
Explains behaviour in descriptive words - 27Advantages of case studiesRich detail- how past may relate to their present behaviour
Allows the study of unique behaviours that couldn't be studied in any other way - 28Disadvantages of case studiesUnreliable- No two case studies are alike
Cannot be generalised
lacks external validity
Researcher bias
Retrospective data- inaccurate or distorted - 29Correlational AnalysisNon experimental, experimenter does not manipulate
Measures the relationship between two variables
Look at the strength of the relationship
Scatter graph - 30Positive correlationAs one variable increases the other variable increases
- 31Negative correlationAs one variable increases the other decreases
- 32correlation co-efficientEvery correlation has a number called the correlation co-efficient- this is a measure of how strong the relationship is.
Number can range from +1 to -1
Spread out scatter graph = low co-efficient
Closer to a straight line, the higher the co-efficient - 33Advantages of correlationsAllows predications to be made
Allows the quantification of relationships
No manipulation- ethical - 34Disadvantages of correlationsCannot establish cause and effect
Extraneous relationship
Problems when reading the results- lack of correlation may show no relationship
Only works for linear relationship - 35Random samplingpeople are picked randomly- equal chances
>Difficult to obtain
>Could still lack population validity - 36Systematic SamplingA sample frame is produced and a system is placed on how they pick out people- e.g. every third person on the list
>Free from researcher bias
>Fairly representative - 37Opportunity SamplingThe researcher uses participants that are there at the time in a place. e.g- students in a particular room
>Lacks population validity - 38Volunteer samplingPps chose to partake in the study
> Very bias sample as only certain people will respond - 39Reducing biasThe single blind condition-
Pps do not know which condition they are being tested
The double blind condition-
The experimenter & pps does not know the conditions under which the participants are being tested - 40Open ended questionsDoes not have a fixed range of answers
- 41Advantages to open ended questions>Unique answers
>no limit
>vary in detail
>permit creativity and self expressions - 42Disadvantages to open ended questions>Low response rate
>Too general
>Effort is necessary
>Answers can be difficult to analyse
>Can't be generalized
>Ambiguous language - 43Semi-structured interviewsCombines some pre-determined questions and some other questions that are developed in response to answers given.
- 44Advantages to semi-structured interviews>Depth and detail
>Analytic power
>Freedom of speech
>Rapport
>Can be prepared ahead of time - 45Disadvantages to semi-structured interviews>More time consuming and costly, so smaller sample sizes
>No trigger or interaction effects of group - 46Strucutred interviewsQuantitaive research method, in survey research. Aims to ensure that the interview has same questions in same order
- 47Advantages of structured interviews>Reach a large sample
>Straight forward to replicate
>Format reduces differences between interviewers - 48Disadvantages of structured interviews>Can't go off topic- don't explore question
>Time consuming - 49Unstructured interviewsIncludes one starting question, but then the rest of the interview flows based on what the interviewer tells you.
>open ended questions - 50Advantages to unstructured interviews>Ecological validity
>Allows researchers the opportunity to test out their preliminary understanding. - 51Disadvantages to unstructured interviews>No IV
>Lack of control
>Not reliable
>Interviewer bias
>Hard to analyse - 52ObservationsCan occur as part of a laboratory study- controlled observations
Most observations occur naturally- naturalistic observation.
You must operationalize- behaviour categories - 53Structured observationWhere there are behavioural categories in place
- 54Unstructured observationWhere the observer simply writes down everything they see
- 55Event samplingCounting the number of times a particular event occurs
- 56Time samplingRecording behaviour in a pre-established time frame
- 57Natural observationsHigh ecological validity
Lacks control - 58Controlled observationsConducted in a lab
High level of control
Low eco-logical validity - 59Controlled observations- Observer bias, how to over come1. Operationalize
2.Double blind condition- pps and psychologist are both unaware of the hypothesis - 60Inter observer reliabilityMore than one observer making notes. They both then compare to check reliability.
- 61Ecological validityCan it be generalized to real life settings?
- 62Ethical guidelines1.Informed consent
2.Deception
3.Protection from harm
4.Debrief
5. Confidentiallity
6.Right to withdraw - 63Solutions to informed consent1.Presumptive consent
2.Retrospective consent
3.Prior general consent - 64Presumptive consentAsking the opinions of members of the population to see if they would do it. If most of them agree you can assume someone that you haven't asked would be likely to partake.
- 65Retrospective consentDuring debriefing pps should be asked if they can use their data
- 66Prior general consentGetting the pps to agree to to the research through a ruse
- 67Experimental desginIndependent Groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs - 68Independent groupsTwo different groups of pps experience two different conditions.
- 69Evaluation of independent groupsIndividual differences- may not be an affect of the DV to deal with this they use random allocation so pps are less likely to guess aims
- 70Repeated measuresAll participants experience both conditions
- 71Evaluation of repeated measuresCan suffer from order effects.
-particpants may have had practice, or become fatigued- effects internal validity
To stop this use counter-balancing - 72Counter-balacingChanges in the order of the conditions
The sample is split into two groups experimental (A) and control (B). For example, group 1 does ‘A’ then ‘B’, group 2 does ‘B’ then ‘A’ this is to eliminate order effects. - 73Matched pairsOne pair must be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group.
Matched Pairs Experimental Design
Pro: Reduces participant (i.e. extraneous) variables because the researcher has tried to pair up the participants so that each condition has people with similar abilities and characteristics.
Pro: Avoids order effects, and so counterbalancing is not necessary.
Con: Very time-consuming trying to find closely matched pairs.
Con: Impossible to match people exactly, unless identical twins! - 74Measures of central tendencyThe general term for measure of average for a set of data, e.g, mean, mode, meadian.
- 75Measures of dispersionThe general term for the measure of spread or variation within a set of data.
Consistency is better- smaller number of spread= higher consistency - 76ScattergramsShows association between two variables-relationship
- 77Bar chartsDiscrete data
- 78Standard deviationHow far the all the values in the data set are away from the mean (mid point)
The lower the standard deviation, the closer the scores are. - 79HistogramsContinuous data
- 80Line graphContinuous data
Informações
- Descrição
- AS - Level Psychology FlashCards sobre Research Methods , criado por Lauren Burgess em 19-11-2015.
- Criado por
- Lauren Burgess · nov 2015
- Atualizado
- 11 mai 2016
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