Flashcards
Attention
Flashcards do conjunto (83)
- 1Who found examples of instances where stimuli prone to inattention blindness could be processed if emotionally relevant? And one example?Mack and Rock (1998)
Participant's name - 2What are Pasner and Spyder (1975) three criteria of automatic processes?1) Occurs without attention
2) Automatic processes do not reveal self to conscious awareness
3) Uses little/no resources - 3What makes complex attention consuming tasks easier/less demanding?Practise
- 4Who found when the goal of task is consistent the process becomes automatic, but automaticity is lost with a distractor task?Shiffrin and Schneider (1997)
- 5Logan's Instance Theory is from which study?Logan and Klapp (1991)
- 6What is Logan's Instance Theory?There is separate memory traces for each encounter with stimuli, and practise allows more information to be retained. This leads to rapid recall of more information.
- 7What is automaticity in Logan's Instance Theory?Memory retrieval
- 8Beilock and Carr (2011) found...Explicit attention can worsen performance which has automatic processes
- 9Who found less errors were detected when stimuli was presented in the same order every time?Barshi and Healy (1993)
- 10What is a slip of action?When an outcome isn't achieved due to action not going as planned or wrong action is used.
- 11What slips of action errors did Norman (1981) identify?Capture error
Description error
Associative activation error
Data-drive error
Loss of activation error - 12Put the following in order of hierarchy of control; action, activation of schema, intention.1) Intention
2) Activation of Schema
3) Action - 13Attention is...Concentration on a stimulus or a mental event
- 14What can cause slips of action?Lapse in attention
Altered environment
When a person relearns an action, slips to old method - 15Attention is needed to...Monitor environment, for novels stimuli or important events
- 16Who did a wide study on absent-mindedness?Reason (1979)
- 17Vigilance/sustained attention is...Maintained attention over a period of time for infrequent events
- 18Who found physiological problems prevent prolonged attention?Warm (1984)
- 19What is Reason's (1979) discrimination failure?Input misclassified
- 20Which of Reason's (1979) errors involves wrong transportation of program elements?Program assembly errors
- 21What are Warm and Terison's (1984) 3 governing factors of vigilance?1) How long the signal is
2) How frequent the signal is
3) How busy the background is - 22What is Reason's (1979) test failures as cause of slip of action?Changes from one type of an action to another
- 23Which of Reason's (1979) errors involves a sequence error due to omission of insertion?Sub-routine failues
- 24How did Bonebakker et al. (1996) show some tasks require little attention?Participants were able to recall words they heard under aesthetic.
- 25What is Reason's (1979) storage failure?Misremembering
- 26What factors did Broadbent et al. (1982) identify as influences on slips of action?Surroundings
Distractions
Habit intrusions
Situation factors
Individual differences - 27What are the problems with Broadbent et al. (1982) study?Bias in recording data
Selection bias in reporting errors
Variations in classifications
Explanations of different inputs - 28What is Reason's Generic Error Modelling System?A model explaining industrial disasters, a way of analysising working systems and training.
- 29What are poka-yokaes?Engineered solutions to ensure smooth running systems.
- 30What is the orientation reflex?A reflexive redirection of attention which orientates a person towards an unexpected stimulus.
- 31What two types of stimuli did Cowan (1995) can capture the orientation reflex?Novel stimuli and stimuli important to person.
- 32Who found people have negative emotions towards things they can ignore?Fenske and Raymond (2006)
- 33Who found attention can be directed by where people are looking?Kingstone et al. (2003)
- 34How did Estes et al. (2008) show attention could be directed by information in long term memory?By presenting cue words and then a target which was presented either at the top or bottom of the screen. Founds words associated with a direction where the target was had a benefit effect.
- 35What did Abrams and Christ (2003) find activate the orientating reflex in quiet areas?Sound, sudden and unexpected movements
- 36Who found the abrupt onset of a new object activated the orientation reflex?Darohi et al. (2007)
- 37Who found when the orientation reflex when an object changes colour?Lu and Zhou (2005)
- 38What did Posner et al. (1978, 1980) find?A benefit effect when a directional cue to a target, and a cost when the directional cue was wrong
- 39How was it proven the cost effect in Posner et al. (1978, 1980) was due to cognitive processes?There was no eye movement
- 40What 3 processes did Posner et al. (1978, 1980) use to explain the cost effect?1) Disengaging attention from current focus
2) Moving attention spotlight to correct location
3) Engaging focus on new area - 41What is spotlight attention?A focus mechanism which prepares for encoding information
- 42What did Posner et al. (1978, 1980) say and find about spotlight attention?1) It is a voluntary orientation reflex
2) Can occur before stimulus due to cognitive functions, such as expectations - 43What did Care and Bichot (1999) find about spotlight attention?It doesn't sweep, it jumps, and beam can be altered in circumstances.
- 44Who is the leading researchers in visual search tasks?Triesman et al.
- 45What are the two search tasks Triesman et al. employ?Simple feature search, and conjunction search (latter being 2 features)
- 46What is the typical finding of visual search tasks?People can rapidly search of items with unique features, with no effect of size of display. Conjunction takes longer.
- 47Who discovered the inhibition of return?Klein (2000)
- 48What is the inhibition of return?Recently checked locations are mentally marked, and activations of these areas are turned down to ensure searching of areas where object remains.
- 49What is the problem of inhibition of return?Makes you oblivious to change in previous areas
- 50Who said input attention is fast, automatic, processes of attention?Johnson et al. (1995)
- 51What is selective attention?A focus on one source of information whilst ignoring other sources, using mental processes in filtering and selecting.
- 52Dual tasks procedures are based on...Overload
- 53What do dual task procedures involve?A primary task to capture all/most attention then a secondary task which captures little/no attention
- 54Who created the early selection model of attention?Broadbent (1956)
- 55In the attentional bottleneck model (Y model), when does selection occur?Earliest phase of perception, based on message/sensory input.
- 56What did Broadbent (1956) do in his study?Sent information two channels at the same time.
- 57What did Broadbent (1956) find?Better recall when information was recalled in channel order over temporal order.
- 58What did Broadbent (1958) add to the early selection model?A selective filter to ensure system isn't overloaded
- 59Why is selective attention a problem with early selection models?Unattended information is filtered after sensory analysis, later to be found not completely true.
- 60What did Gray and Wedderburn (1960) find demonstrating there is more analysis than Broadbent (1958) suggests?Showed there was semantic analysis, better recalled that way over channel
- 61What do Cherry's shadowing experiments involve?Participants listen to two messages, one in each ear, and participant repeats one message.
- 62What are the typical results of Cherry's shadowing experiments?Always accurate, but repeat in monotonous fashion. Can't remember content afterwards.
When asked about ignored message, only noticed changes in pitch/gender, no content. - 63What did Moray (1959) find when using Cherry's shadowing experiment?When ignored channel was the same word over and over, participants didn't notice.
- 64Which was the first Late Selection Model?Treisman (1960) attenuation theory
- 65How did Treisman (1960) change the shadowing experiments?At a critical point the tracks would switch ears for one word and switch back.
- 66What were the results of Treisman (1960)?Participants switched tracks without realising
- 67Who replicated Treisman's (1960) finding?Wood and Cown (1995)
- 68What is the different between early and late selection models?Information doesn't get blocked completely, attention filters attenuate messages.
- 69Who proposed a more extreme late selection model where information gets a full analysis?Deutsch and Deutsch (1963)
- 70Who created the stroop task?MacLead (1991)
- 71What is the stroop task?Where a name of a colour is printed in another colour and participant has the read the word.
- 72What does the stroop task involve?Fast, obligatory processing dimensions, need to inhibit representaions
- 73What did Kane and Engle (2003) with stroop task?Higher accuracy is linked with higher working memory
- 74Attention research has implications in...Subliminal perception
Vigilance and concentration in jobs
Attentional biases in phobias/anxiety
Attention disorders
Neurological disorders - 75What did Smallwood and Schooler (2006) find about mind wandering?It occurs when a task doesn't take all your attention, and is associated with high working memory.
- 76What is divided attention?Splitting attention between two tasks
- 77Who found negative priming when a previously incorrect answer becomes correct?Tipper (1985)
- 78Who found participants could do two separate tasks at once (disproving single channel hypothesis)?Allport et al. (1972)
- 79What is Broadbent's (1982) criticism of Allport et al. (1972)?He believed participants were switching between tasks.
- 80What is the attentional blink/psychological refractory?The brief slowdown in mental processes due to recently processing another events
- 81What did Anderson (2005) find that override the attentional blink?Emotional relevance.
- 82What type of information prone to inattention blindness can be processed?When it is consistent with goals and intentions.
- 83Who found driving whilst on the phone lowers performance?Strayer and Johnston (2001)
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- Descrição
- 201 Cognitive FlashCards sobre Attention, criado por Dooney em 17-04-2013.
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- Dooney
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