Flashcards
Chapter 1
Flashcards do conjunto (27)
- 1Knowledge from Agreement RealityMust have logical & empirical support (observations made through experimentation)
- 2EpistemologyThe science of knowing
- 3MethodologyThe science of finding out.
- 4TraditionBy accepting what everybody knows, we avoid the overwhelming task of starting from scratch in our search for regularities and understand- ing.
- 5AuthorityLike tradition, authority can both assist and hinder human inquiry. We do well to trust the judgment of the person who has special training,expertise, and credentials in a given matter, espe- cially in the face of controversy.
- 6Errors in Inquiry Inaccurate ObservationsMeasurements devices can be used to offer accuracy
- 7OvergeneralizationWhen we look for patterns among the specific things we observe around us, we often assume that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern. That is, we tend to overgeneralize on the basis of lim- ited observations. This can misdirect or impede inquiry.
- 8Replicationrepeating a study and checking to see if the same results occur each time. Then, as a further test, the study can be repeated under slightly varied conditions.
- 9Selective ObservationOvergeneralization can lead to selective observations. Once you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why it does, you’ll tend to focus on future events and situations that fit the pattern, and you’ll ignore those that don’t. Racial and ethnic prejudices depend heavily on selective observation for their persistence.
- 10Illogical ReasoningThink of a Poker game. Since the start of the game you're not in favor with luck and you're about to play the last pot in which sometimes we think we may get lucky in the last pot which can either turn towards you or against you.
- 11The Foundation of Social SciencesTheory + Data Collection + Data Analysis
- 12TheoryA systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. It has to make sense whether it exist or not
- 13Data CollectionComes from observations & experiments
- 14Data AnalysisIdentifying the patterns in observations
- 15Attributesor values are characteristics or qualities that describe an object—in this case, a person. Race, gender, young-middle or old, upper or lower class are examples of attributes
- 16Variablesare logical sets of attributes. The variable occupation is com- posed of attributes such as farmer, professor, and truck driver. Social class is a variable composed of a set of attributes such as upper class, middle class, and lower class. Sometimes it helps to think of attributes as the categories that make up a variable. Sex and gender are examples of variables.
- 17Independent VariableA variable with values that are not problematical in an analysis but are taken as simply given. An independent variable is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable.If we discover that religiosity is partly a function of sex—women are more religious than are men—sex is the independent variable and religiosity is the dependent variable.
- 18Dependent VariableA variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another (called the independent variable).
If you find that income is partly a function of amount of formal education, income is being treated as a dependent variable. - 19Idiographic Idio means uniqueAn approach to explanation in which we seek to exhaust the idiosyncratic causes of a particular condition or event. Imagine trying to list all the reasons why you chose to attend your particular college. Given all those reasons, it’s difficult to imagine your making any other choice.you had forgotten there was an exam that day, (2) it was in your worst subject, (3) a traffic jam made you late for class, (4) your roommate had kept you up the night before the exam with loud music,
- 20Nomotheticseeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one. Moreover, it seeks to explain “eco- nomically,” using only one or just a few explana- tory factors.Imagine the two or three key factors that determine which colleges students choose, such as proximity, reputation, and so forth.
- 21Inductive TheoryThe logical model in which general principles are developed from specific observations. Having noted that Jews and Catholics are more likely to vote Democratic than are Protestants, you might conclude that religious minorities in the United States are more affiliated with the Democratic party, and then your task is to explain why.
- 22Deductive TheoryThe logical model in which specific expectations of hypotheses are developed on the basis of general principles. Starting from the general principle that all deans are meanies, you might anticipate that this one won’t let you change courses. This anticipation would be the result of deduction.(1) a pattern that might be logically or the- oretically expected to (2) observations that test whether the expected pattern actually occurs.
- 23Qualitative DataNumerical
- 24Quantitative DataNon-numerical
- 25Whats really real? The Premodern ViewThings that are seem
- 26The Modern ViewAcknowledgements of human subjectivity
- 27The Postmodern ViewThere is no objective reality
Informações
- Descrição
- EPPS 2301 - The Basis of Research Design
- Criado por
- Ali Arab
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- Avaliação