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111992
Case Studies
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A-Levels geography unit 3 Mapa Mental sobre Case Studies, criado por coles_r em 28-05-2013.
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geography unit 3
a-levels
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coles_r
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Case Studies
VOLCANOES
Mt Sait Helens (1980) USA
Cause
Jaun De Fuca plate and North American plate
Melting due to subduction- DESTRUCTIVE plate boundary
GDP per capita = $52,403
Primary Effects
50 DEATHS & 200 HOUSES DESTROYED
12 bridges washed away- Lahars & Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow went 25Km2 North of Volcao
7000 Game Animals died- bad for local economy
Spirit Lake was filled with ash and timber
Secondary Effects
Shipping Halted in Columbian river for 60km- mud flow and log jams
Air Traffic Halted in Yakima for 2 weeks (ash)
12% of Fruit Crops destroyed
250km of salmon farms destroyed
Steep Decline in tourism
Immediate Response
20km exclusion zone before eruption
Coastguard search and rescue helicopters
Clear ash from roads- intersect 90 closed for 1 week
Declared 'state of emergancy' by president- FEMA response
Long-Term Response
Creation of Mt. St. Helens volcano observatory (USGS)
Rebuild roads and bridges
185 miles of Highway
Dredge Rivers- Army Corps. 7 years
10 million trees replanted
Total Cost- $1bn
Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey Iceland
Causes
Rifting due to convection at constructive plate boundary
Eurasian and North American Plates
GDP per capita = $34,820
Primary Effects
Power and Water supply lost due to damage to undersea cable
No deaths
70 houses/farms buried, 300 burned
Ash covered whole settlement so everyone was evacuated
Long Term Response
Rebuilt roads, houses and the Airstrip was extended due to land creation by hardened lava
Free heating for residents due to underground lava (1982)
Tourism Benefit- new volcano (eldfell- 212m high)
Immediate Responses
Iceland Government acted fast, evacuation within 6 hours
5300 people evacuated
Harbour Fishing boats used to evacuate
First ever pump cooling system to cool and stop pyroclastic flow
From USA- pumped 1000 litres/second
Secondary Effects
Fishing Disrupted for 7 months- Icelands most important fishing harbour
Disruption to peoples lives- 50% moved back by 1974, 80% by 1975
Total Cost of damage- $50 million (10% of total GDP)
Nevado Del Ruiz (Columbia) 1985
Immediate Responses
Columbian Government ignored early warning signs
Weak attempts to warn... Evacuated same day as eruption
Major international relief/rescue effort (including Mexico City)
4000 workers there within a week from USA and 24 other nations sent help
Primary Effects
23,000 dead, 5000 injured
5000 homes destroyed, destroyed 13 villiages
60% of the regions livestock destroyed
Highway damaged (delayed relief/rescue efforts by 12 hours)
Other roads, power, telephone lines destroyed- area isolated
Long Term Response
Columbia now has a warning system (DPAD)
Amero is now a memorial (30,000+ tourists each year
Causes
Magma forming due to subduction at destructive plate boundary
Nazca Plate (oceanic) & South American Plate (continental)
GDP per capita of = $10,000
Secondary Effects
Farming (20% Col. Rice & Cotton producing area) severley affected
Disruption to people, 8000 people had to be relocated
Total Cost of damage- $1bn
20% of $5bn GDP in 1985
EARTHQUAKES
Kobe, Japan (1995)
Causes
Friction due to SUBDUCTION at destructive plate boundary
Philippine Plate (oceanic) & Eurasian Plate (continental)
7.2 on richter scale
Epicentre 20km from Kobe
GDP per capita = $44,900
Primary Effects
6,434 deaths with 40,000 injured
200,000 buildings collapsed
1km section of Hashin Expressway collapsed
Bridges collapsed on the 130km bullet train route
120 quays out of 150 in the port were destroyed due to LIQUEFACTION
Secondary Effects
230,000 homeless
Fires caused by gas leaks destroyed 7,500 houses over 3 days
Major factories closed (Mitsabushi, Panasonic)
Did it contribute to the lost decade?
Immediate Response
S&R by fire department plus international teams (thermal imaging +dogs)
School gyms open and open parks used as emergency shelters
Not enough blankets, food and water (help requested by governmnet
Long-Term Responses
Water, gas and power restored by July + important buildings repared
Rail service back by august
Total Cost of damage- $220bn
Port 80% working after 1 year
Port 80% working after 1 year, Hansin still closed in 1996
More strict building code
Frames, Foundations, 8 storey limit
Haiti 2010
Cause
Friction between North American and Caribbean Plates- Conservative plate boundary
7.0 on richter scale
Epicentre 13km from Port Au Prince
GDP per capita = $700
Primary Effects
230,000+ deaths, 300,000 injured
250,000 homes collapsed along with 30,000 other buildings
Port destroyed, airport control tower damaged (only one runway)
Secondary Effects
1 million+ homeless, living in streets/shelters/camps
2 million without food or water (damaged roads slowed aid)
Textile industry affected (factories damaged, no power/workers)
Cholera outbreaks in 2011 kills 800 (dirty water, no medicine)
Immediate Response
International rescue teams took 48 hours to arrive
US army took over airport- sent ships, helicopters and 10,000 troops
Locals digging out victims with bear hands/basic tools
UN/aid agencies/charities bringing water, tents, food, medicine
235,000 people move from Port Au Prince to less damaged areas
Long-Term Response
250,000 people still living in camps in 2012
Rebuild Port Au Prince (will cost billions and take years) + build Port
Improve building standards, roads, power and water systems
Tsunami
Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
causes
Indo Australian & Eurasian Plates
Destructive plate boundary
9.0 on richter scale
60km off coast (Aceh province, Indonesia
GDP per capita: India- $1,420 Indonesia- $2,940 Sri Lanka- $5,582
Primary Effects
12m high wave swept 2km inland inland in Aceh
Causing 100,000 deaths
275,000+ deaths in total
160,000 missing
80% of Aceh province totally destroyed; Towns, villages and roads
Tai beaches hit in 30 mins
Somalia (4000km) away 300 were killed
Long-Term Responses
Cash for Work programme (60-70% of fisherman back to work within a year
Lampuk (Indonesia) rebuilt
700 houses- $1 million from Red Crescent
Warning buoys in Indian Ocean
$20 million, UNESCO + 27 countries
Thailand hopes to warn within 20 mins (TV, radio, text, sirens)
Immediate Responses
Volunteers in Thailand help tourists search for relatives
Rapid response (few secondary deaths as a result) due to armies (helicopters) and Charties
$1.3 people received food aid from UN and WFP
Oxfam and Unicef provided temporary schools and uniforms for 500,000 children
$13bn aid promised (UN DEC appeal) but only half given/spent
Secondary Effects
2 million people homeless
1 million jobs lost
Fishing and Tourist related (indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka
64,000 hectares of farmland damaged/contaminated (Thailand and Sri Lanka
Drop in Tourist income in Thailand and Sri Lanka (6% of GDP)
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