Enzymes

Enzymes

1. Proteins

   • Catalysts
     • Biological
     • Organic

2. Processes

   • Photosynthesis
   • Respiration
   • Digestion
   • Protein synthesis
   • Cell division

3. Catabolic enzymes

   • BIG --> small

4. Anabolic enzymes

   • DNA polymerase (plants and animals) (forms and repairs DNA) photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide = glucose)

5. Denaturation

   • specific 3D shape of the active site has been changed, will no longer fit the substrate (generally irreversible) Temperature Below freezing point a solid forms and the enzymes can't work. lower - slows down higher - speeds up human enzymes 37 degrees plants 20-30 degrees shape is fully lost at about 0 degrees ( denatured) PH 6-8 (most enzymes) 7 - ideal (most enzymes) pepsin in the stomach is 2 Enzyme and substrate concentration.

6. Induced fit model

   • In the past - lock and key hypothesis (active site rigid in structure) Now- active site changes shape slightly to form an enzyme-substrate complex forming a product.

7. Immobilised enzymes

   • attached to or fixed to, each other or to an inert material. not free in solution
   • Bioprocessing
     • The use of biological materials (organisms, organelles, enzymes) to manufacture commercial products or treatment procedures of commercial, medical, or scientific interest e.g. drugs, vaccines, antibiotics sucrose ---> fructose and galactose (sucrase) Immobilised enzymes used in urine testing for illegal drugs and other chemicals.
   • Bioreactor
     • Stainless steel vessel used to produce useful substances from the activities of biological agents.
   • Methods
     • Adsorption - physically attached to inactive supports suchh as glass, beads, ceramics, cellulose particles or artificial polymers such as gels (all insoluble) Enclosed by a membrane Trapped in a gel Bonded to a support Bonded to each other
   • Advantages
     • can be reused  - cheaper recovered at the end of the process - rapidly purified (product) stabilises the enzyme - less needed cheaper - just as efficient
   • Uses
     • penicillin ----> new antibiotic (penicillin acylase) glucose ---> fructose (sweeten soft drinks)  (glucose isomerase) lactose ----> glucose + galactose (sweeter sugars) (lactase) (replace condensed milk in the manufacture of soft toffee and caramel).