Mapa mental

zygote

Trung Hoang Biology Inglês

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zygote

Cloning possibilities
- ES cell transcriptome
  - ESTs (expressed sequence tag)
  - SAGE
  - Expression microarrays
  - MPSS (massively parallel signature sequencing)
    - beads
- nuclear transfer (SCNT)
  - cell from 8-cell into enucleated egg (ntES)
  - using differentiated somatic cell
    - reprogramming
  - reprogramming capacity depends on cell-cycle status
    - replace interphase nuc with somatic chromatin
      - good
        MII-arrested oocyte
        zygote arrested with a drug in the first mitosis
      - fail
        germinal-vesicle stage oocyte
        pronuclear zygote
- cell fusion
  - Tetraploid ES Cell
    - MAS (multipotent adult spermatagonial) cell
- Cell explanation
- spindle transfer
  - mitochondrial replacement therapy
- Transdifferentiation = direct reprogramming
  - transcription factors
  - MicroRNAs
  - small moleucules
Stem cell
- Culturing
  - embryoid body
  - Feeder cell layer --> LIF +BMP
  - 3D environment fibroblast feeder layer proconditioned by growth of teratocarcinoma cells
- special
  - homologous proteins
  - embryonal carcinoma cell lines
  - Cell memory
  - cisplatin
- epigenetic regulation/modifications
  - histone
    - Nucleosome
    - histone tails
      - Phosphorylation
      - methylation
      - acetyalation
  - DNA
    - histone deaceylation
    - microRNA (miRNA)
    - silent (condensed) chromatin
- signaling
  - combinatorial signaling
  - cell memory
    - x-inactivation
      - Barr body of one of two x chromosome
      - XIST and XACT
- types
  - pluripotent
    - regulators
      - Oct4
      - Sox2
      - Nanog
    - iPS
      - Oct4, Sox2, KII4, c-Myc
      - Source
        skin cells
        keratinocyte (hair cells)
      - host
        blastocyst-stage embryos
      - org
        chimeric
      - derived cells
        3 derms + germ cells
      - limit
        low eff
        uses virus
      - criteria for pluripotency
        assays
        totipotent, naive pluripotent, primed pluripotent, and multipotent developmental potentials.
        blastocyst chmaerism
        teratoma formation
        A huge number of in vivo assays are restricted or prohibited especially single-cell in vivo assays
        forensic genomics
        transcriptome analysis
        epigenomic characterization
        whole genome sequencing
        Injection of diploid pluripotent stem cells with ICM-like properties
        pre-committed ICM
        contributing primarily to the ICM = structures of the postnatal body
        committed\formed ICM
        postnatal body derived both from the ICM and from the stem cells.
        Cells that are 100% TE
        contributing primarily to the ICM = structures of the postnatal body
        developmental potential
        in vitro differentiation
        Teratoma
        resetting to ground state PS cell: prime --> metastable PS cell --> ground state
  - multipotent
    - adult (somatic) stem cells
  - Unipotent
  - totipotent
- ES
  - accessbile chromatin
    - increased global transcription
      - gene expression
      - splicing isoforms
      - intergenic spliced mRNAs
      - non-coding intergenic transcipts
      - antisense transcripts
- epigenetics
- oocyte-to-embryo transition
  - division schemes result in different cells
    - asymmetric division
    - symmetric division renewal
    - symmetric SC commitment (differentiation)
  - distribution of ER and mitochondria
  - demethylation of pat and mat genomes
  - 4-cell = zygotic genome activation
    - mat mRNA degrade
    - de novo transcription from embryonic genome
- Embryonal carcinoma cells (EC)
2-cell
- 4-cell
  - Morula
    - Vertebrate embryos = blastocyte
      - Inner cell mass
        Primitive ectoderm
        gastrulation
        Germ layers
        primitive/endoderm
        Pancreatic cell
        lung cell
        XEN (extraembryonic endoderm) cell
        ectoderm
        Nerve cell
        Skin cell
        Mesoderm
        Skeletal muscle cell
        Blood cell
        Hematopoietic stem cell
        detection assays
        in vitro
        LTC-IC
        maintenance of progenitors for 5 to 7 weeks
        CAFC
        growth as "cobblestones" for 5- 7 weeks
        in vivo
        CFU-S
        long term reconstitution
        most stringent
        NOD/SCID
        immunocompromised mice
        distinguish host and donor cells
        PCR-marker
        Chromosomal markers
        Enzyme markers
        proliferation assay
        Label retention assay
        enrichment and purificaiton
        Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
        column-based magnetic enrichment
        redefined model
        FACS
        developmental shift in the progenitor cell architecture resulting in a two-tier hierarchy by adulthood.
        RNA-seq
        mixed-lineage transition states
        Combined loss of these two determinants ‘trapped’ the metastable intermediate.  We propose that mixed-lineage states are obligatory during cell fate specification, manifest differing frequencies because of their dynamic instability and are dictated by counteracting gene regulatory networks.
        Epi (epiblast) - 5.5 day
        primordial germ cells
        He's like really nailing on some concepts take note of that
        germ cells/line
        properties
        high dev capacity
        disrupted = teratocacinomas
        Primitive endoderm
        ES (embryonic stem) cell - 3.5 day
        human vs mouse
        development slower than mouse
        epigentic marks similar
        mouse
        activin/nodal
        human
        Naive
        ICM-like
        primed
        Epiblast-like
      - Trophectoderm
        mural trophectoderm
        Polar trophectoderm
        Extra-embryonic ectoderm
        TS (trophoblast stem) cell
HOX genes

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Descrição: Biology Mapa Mental sobre zygote, criado por Trung Hoang em 26-02-2019.
Criado por: Trung Hoang
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