Cohesion

Cohesion

1. Grammatical cohesion

   • Reference
     • Process a specific language item of a text can be identified with a referencial meaning
       • in the text . Anaforic or Cataforix
       • Outside the text: Exoforic function
     • Most common words
       • Personal pronouns
       • Possesices
       • Relative pronouns
       • ONE (generalized human)
       • Words like HERE, THERE. Can you see that table? Put the flowers there
   • Substitution and Ellipsis
     • Substitution
       • Replacement of one item by another
     • Ellipsis
       • Omission of the item
       • Presuposition that something is to be supplied
         • She listen to the programme two minutes the first day, FORTY (minutes) the NEXT (day)
         • I listen to it for pleasure, but my mother DOES for courtesy
           • Functions in the place of an idea, not a specific word
   • Halliday, COHESIVE forms can lie in the borderline between SUBSTITUTION AND REFERENCE
     • Substittion. Relation between linguistic items (words, phrases)
       • THATS WHY the substituing item has the same structural function
         • I don't like the red car. This ONE is better ( Nominal substitutionOne = car)
         • Is it going to rain? I don't think SO (clausal substitution, SO = it is going to rain
         • My kids play a lot of sports. Both ( ) are incredibly energetic. Nomial ellipsis of kids
         • Paul is staying for dinner. - Is he? He didn't tell me ( ) (calusal ellipsis of Paul is satying for dinner
     • Reference. Relation between meanings

2. Lexical cohesion

   • Reiteration
     • Repetition of a lexical item or a synonym. in the context of REFERENCE
       • I met A MAN last weej. THE MAN asked me....
   • Collocation
     • Refers to the fact that a word can occur in the same lingusitic environment as another
       • Great idea. BUT NOT big idea
       • Make dinner BUT NOT make the dishes (do the dishes)

3. Deixis

   • DEIXIS determines the structure and interpretation of utterances in relation to the time and place of their ocurrence, the identity of the speaker and addressee, and objects and events
     • PERSONAL DEIXIS
       • Personal pronouns. Help understand the interlocutors involved in the conversation
         • You know (YOU =the audience
     • PLACE DEIXIS
       • Helps understand the circumstances of the communication
         • HERE, THERE, THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE
           • INSIDE THE TEXT
           • OUTSIDE THE TEXT
         • FRONT; BACK; LEFT; COME; GO
     • TIME DEIXIS
       • Identifies a particular time coinciding with the moment of speech
         • TODAY; THIS WEEK; RECENTLY; SOON
     • DISCOURSE DEIXIS
       • Fullfiled by langauge items that refer to information of the text
         • ABOVE; BELOW; THE LATTER; THE FORMER
     • SOCIAL DEIXIS
       • Items used to distinguish social status
         • MR. Brown, Yes, Miss, Your Honor

4. Connectives

   • Items provide inficators of logical-semantic relationships between clauses
     • FOUR FEATURES
       • NOT belong to sentence elements (subject, predicate)
       • OCCur in initial position, or other transitorail locations
       • NOT ALWAYS clear propositional meaning
       • MULTIPLE ROLES
   • Grammatical categoties
     • CONJUNCTIONS
       • BUT; OR; AN
     • SENTENCE ADVERBIALS
       • YET; HOWEVER
     • NOMINALIZED PREPOSITIONS
       • DUE TO; IN SPITE OF; AS A RESULT OF
     • EXPRESSION
       • AS FAR AS I KNOW, TO SUM UP
   • MOST COMMON CONECTIVES
     • LIistin and adding
       • Wirtten or formal speech. ADVERBS first, second(ly), PHRASES to begin with, in the second place
     • Reinforcement
       • Indicate additional point in an argument to reinforce it FURTHERMORE; WHAT IS MORE
     • EXPLANATION
       • EXPAND OR CLARIFY (that is to say)
       • MORE PRECISE (namely)
       • ILLUSTRATE (for isntance)
     • SUMMARY
       • Summary of points already made (IN SHORT; TO SUM UP, IN ALL