LTM Structure

LTM Structure

1. Korsakoff's syndrome

   • condition caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) usually as a result of chronic alcoholism 
   • leads to the destruction of areas in the FRONTAL and TEMPORAL lobes
   • 6 major symptoms: anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation (making things up), meager content in conversation (less interactive), lack of insight, apathy 
   • works closely with WORKING memory; recent memories are more detailed 

2. amnesia

   • retrograde
     • the loss of memory for events that have happened in the PAST
   • anterograde
     • the loss of the ability to assimilate or retain NEW knowledge
     • H.M. (Henry): removal of hippocampus through pipet to cure epileptic seizures (caudal/ventral portion of HC still partially intact -> allowed for recognition of FEW FORMER memories)
     • CLIVE: damage to HC; cannot form recent/short-term memories; lives entirely in the PRESENT; worst case of amnesia ever recorded due to ENCEPHALITIS 

3. serial position curve

   • posed by MURDOCH's experiment 
   • words at beginning and end of lists are easier to recall than words in the middle 
   • primacy effect
     • superior memory for stimuli presented at the BEGINNING of a sequence; related to LONGER rehearsal time 
     • first word has 100% attention and is stored in LTM
     • words that follow have 98% attention, 95%, etc. 
     • as ADDITIONAL words are presented, LESS rehearsal is possible for later words 
   • recency effect
     • superior memory for stimuli presented at the END of a sequence 
     • most RECENTLY presented words are still in STM; easier to recall  
     • due to storage of recently presented items in STM 

4. semantic coding

   • is considered PREDOMINANT type of coding in LTM
   • illustrated by the kinds of errors that people make in tasks that involve LTM (example: misremembering the word TREE as BUSH would indicate that the meaning of the word TREE rather than its visual appearance or the sound of saying "tree" is what was registered in LTM)
   • recognition memory
     • identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

5. patient K.F.

   • normal LTM but poor STM
   • OPPOSITE of Clive and H.M. 
   • double dissociation
     • indicates that STM and LTM operate independently and are served by different mechanisms 

6. explicit memory

   • CONSCIOUS/DECLARATIVE memory 
   • contents can be DESCRIBED or REPORTED
   • SEMANTIC vs. EPISODIC can be distinguished by the TYPES of information remembered as wel as the type of EXPERIENCE 
   • the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a PERSONAL experience that could be the basis of an EPISODIC memory - but memory for this experience often fades, leaving only SEMANTIC memory 
   • episodic
     • memory for PERSONAL experiences 
     • mental time travel
       • property of the experience of episodic memory
       • the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past 
       • can be described as SELF-KNOWING or REMEMBERING 
       • not necessarily always accurate recollections 
     • patient K.C.
       • motorcycle accident caused loss of EPISODIC memory
       • knows his brother died, but CANNOT recall the experiences that surrounded his brother's death, i.e. the funeral, where he was when he heard about his brother's death, etc. 
   • semantic
     • stored knowledge and memory for FACTS 
     • knowledge that DOES NOT HAVE to be tied to a specific memory or personal experience
     • NOT traveling back to a specific event but we are accessing things we are familiar with and know about 
     • described as KNOWING (with the idea that knowing does not involve mental time travel)
     • semantic memories that have PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE are easier to remember (remembering facts about the high school you graduated from)
     • previous knowledge can play on ATTENTION in certain experiences, i.e. two guys discussing football: the guy with prior knowledge to football can recall more DETAIL of what happened during the game 
     • Italian patient
       • had difficulty recognizing familiar people
       • trouble shopping because she couldn't remember the meaning of the words on the shopping list or WHERE things were in the store

7. implicit memory

   • NON-DECLARATIVE/UNCONSCIOUS memory
   • memories that are used WITHOUT awareness 
   • contents CANNOT be reported 
   • occurs in everyday experience
   • when we are exposed to advertisements that extol the virtues of a product or perhaps just present the product's name; although we may believe that we are unaffected by some ads, they can have an effect just because we are EXPOSED to them
   • priming
     • a CHANGE in RESPONSE e to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the SAME or a SIMILAR stimulus 
     • example: finding it easier to recognize words that are familiar compared to words that have rarely been encountered 
     • effects can occur even though participants may not remember the original presentation of the priming stimulus when they are responding to the test stimulus 
     • repetition
       • occurs when the test stimulus is the SAME AS or RESEMBLES the priming stimulus 
       • seeing the word BIRD may cause you to respond more quickly to another presentation of the word BIRD than to a word you had not seen, even though you may not remember seeing BIRD earlier 
     • conceptual
       • occurs when the enhancement caused by the priming stimulus is based on the MEANING of the stimulus 
       • presentation of the word FURNITURE might cause you to respond faster to a later presentation of the word CHAIR
   • procedural
     • SKILL memory
     • memory for doing things 
     • example: when typing notes into a computer, the ability to type is procedural memory 
   • classical conditioning
     • occurs when pairing an INITIALLY NEUTRAL stimulus with another stimulus results in the neutral stimulus taking on new properties 
     • example: having an accident involving being hit by a red SUV - seeing the SUV will result in anxiety just as one would feel right after the accident (previously NEUTRAL cars have taken on NEW properties)
   • propaganda effect
     • participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being TRUE simply because they have been exposed to them before 
     • can occur even when the participant is told that the statements are FALSE 
     • can operate even when people are NOT AWARE that they have heard or seen a statement before 

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