Electoral Systems

Electoral Systems

1. Mixed System

   • Additional Member System
     • -A proportion of seats are elected using F-P-t-P in single seat constituencies.
       • A smaller number of representatives, 'additional members' are elected in multi-seat constituencies.
         • Electors cast two votes: one for their favoured candidate and one for their favourite party
           • List seats are allocated on a corrective basis to ensure that the number of seats for parties is proportional to the number of votes they won
     • Disadvantages
       • Advantages

2. Plurality System

   • First-Past-the-Post
     • First-Past-the-Past is a simple plurality system which means that the winner doesn't need an absolute majority to win but one more vote than their closest rival.
       • Electors cast a single vote by placing an ('X') on the ballot paper next to the name of their favoured candidate.
         • MP's are elected in single-seat constituencies- each of the 650 constituencies in the UK elect one representative to the House of Commons.
     • Advantages
       • Disadvantages
       • Simplicity: F-P-t-P is easy to understand, one vote, cross in a box; Voters are familiar with this system.
         • Clear Outcome: Usually provide a clear winner. (No coalitions)
           • Strong and Stable Government: Typically produces a one-party government.

3. Proportional System

   • Single Transferrable Vote
     • Representatives are elected in large multi-seat constituencies.
       • Voting is preferential- electors indicate their preferences by writing '1' and '2' etc. beside the name of their favourite candidates. (Voters can vote for as many or as few candidates as they like.)
         • A candidate must achieve a quota (droop quota) to be elected- any votes that exceed the quota are redistributed on the basis of second preferences.
           • If no candidate reaches the quota on the first count, the lowest-placed candidate is eliminated and their second preferences are transferred
             • Eliminations and redistributions continue until the number of seats are filled by candidates who meet the quota.
     • Advantages
       • Proportional Outcome: Ensures that votes are of largely equal value.
         • Almost Majority: Only a group of parties that wins more than 50% of the popular vote can form a government.
           • Choice: Voters can choose between a large range of candidates, including different candidates from the same party.
       • Disadvantages
         • Accuracy: The system is less accurate in translating votes into seats than list systems or some versions of AMS.
           • Multi-seat Constituencies: Large multi-seat constituencies weaken the link between individual MPs and their constituency.
   • Closed Regional List

4. Majoritarian Systems

   • Supplementary Vote

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