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3566986
Cell Processes
Descrição
overview on the cell processes content in NCEA level two bio
Sem etiquetas
biology
cell biology
respiration
photosynthesis
diffusion
osmosis
Mapa Mental por
georgia_rae
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
georgia_rae
mais de 8 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Cell Processes
Diffusion
Passive transport
No energy required
semi-permeable membrane
Stucture
Hydrophilic head
Hydropholic tail
Phospholipid Layer
movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
down the concentration gradient
Example: Carbon dioxide for photosynethesis
Factors that effect diffusion
Concentration Gradient
Diffusion rates will be higher when there is a greater difference in concentration between the two regions
Diffusion Difference
Diffusion over shorter distances occurs at a greater rate than larger distances
Surface Area
The rate of diffusion is greater when there is a large surface area across where diffusion occurs
Physical Barriers
Thick barriers slow the rate of diffusion
Pores in a barrier enhance the diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Semi-permeable membrane
Passive transport
No energy required
Same as diffusion but assisted by carrier protein
Example: Glucose
Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Down the concentration gradient
Osmosis
Movement of water from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Down concentration gradient
Passive transport
no energy required
Example: water in the soil will move into the cell
Osmoregulation
Isotonic Solutions: no net loss or gain
Hypertonic Solutions: net loss
Animal: shrivel up
Plant: plasmolysed and flaccid
Hypotonic Solutions: net gain
Animal: Expand and burst
Plant: turgid (tugor pressure)
Active Transport
semi-permeable membrane
Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Against concentration gradient
Energy is required
Transport or carrier proteins are needed
Types
Sodium-potassium pump
Proton pumps
Cytosis
Example: use ATP energy to move h+ ions in respiration
Enzymes
Biological catalyst that speeds up specific chemical reactions
Lower energy barrier - activation energy
The lock and key model
Induced fit
Factors that effect enzyme reaction rate
Temperature
Increases until optimum temperature then decreases as the enzymes denature
Denature is when the weak hydrogen bonds of the active site break
pH value
optimum temperature then denature
Enzyme concentration
increases
Substrate concentration
Increases then reaches saturation point
Proteins
Poisons when in wrong part of body
Respiration
The process of breaking down food and using oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + lots of ATP
Efficient
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose = Carbon dioxide + lactic acid + water +little ATP
Lactic acid build up in muscle and causes cramp
Less efficient
Mitochondria
The organelle where respiration occurs
Outer membrane
semi-permeable
Cristae, folded inner membrane
increase in surface area which allows respiration to be efficient and faster as number of reactions have increased
Matrix, fluid
High concentration of enzymes
increase in reactions
Factors
Temperature
optimum temperature
Body's enrgy demand
rate of respiration will increase to maximum as the demand increases
Stages
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transfer chain
Photosynthesis
Equation: water + carbon dioxide + sunlight+ chlorophyll= glucose and oxygen
Factors
Temperature
increases to optimum then denature
Light intensity
increases rate to max. then no affect
CO2 concentration
increases to max. then no affect
Chloroplast
stroma, fluid
clear, doesnt block sunlight
maxmising penetration light
Grana
stack of thylakoids
thin, disc shape, short diffusion distance
increase surface area
outer and inner membrane
transparent to allow max sunlight
Stages
light independent stage
light dependent stage
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