ESL Approaches and Methods

ESL Approaches and Methods

1. Grammatical

   • Grammatical approach is a teacher-centered means of providing second language instruction.
   • Emphasis on the rules and structure of target language.
     • METHODS
       • Grammar-Translation
         • More emphasis on development of reading, writing, and grammar.
         • Less emphasis on oral language development
         • Rules of grammar are taught holistically
       • Direct
         • Focus on total immersion in L2
         • No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
         • Involves an open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into the classoom
       • Audiolingual
         • Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
           • APPROACHES
             • Drill and practice
             • Rote memorization
             • Dialogue memorization
             • Repetition
             • Mnemonics
             • Kinetics
         • Minimal use of L1
         • Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practice
   • Origins in the 19th century classical Greek and Latin instruction

2. Communicative

   • It is a more research-and theory-based approach to second language instruction.
     • METHODS
       • Silent Way
         • Teacher modeling/talk
         • Reinforcement through repetition/signals
         • Seldom content-based
       • Natural Way
         • Stresses comprehensible input
         • Minimal error correction/production
         • Acceptance of students' L1
         • Not necessarily content-based
       • Suggestopedia
         • Emphasis on relaxed physical setting
         • Minimal error correction
         • Use of L1 for explanations
         • Not necessarily content-based
       • Sheltered Instruction
         • Grade-level modified curriculum
         • Scaffolded instruction
         • Visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary
       • Integrated Content-Based
         • Emphasizes L2 development
         • Focus on cintent and language integration
         • Subject area integrated into thematic units
     • Approaches
       • Scaffolding
       • Guarded Vocabulary
       • Cooperative learning
       • Hands-on activities
       • Reduced use of idioms
       • Manipulatives and realia
       • Simulations/big books
       • Heterogeneous grouping
   • Student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
   • Primary origins in 1960s and 1970s research on language learning through communication, constructivism, and social interaction

3. Cognitive

   • Is an emergent product of efforts to examine and analyze the cognitive psychological side of learning, language learning, and instruction to promote language learning.
   • Learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways.
   • Origing in 1980s and 1990s research on learning functions, memory, and cognition
   • METHODS
     • CALLA
       • Developmentally appropriate language instruction
       • Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 and L2 as related to content areas
       • Focus on prior knowledge
       • Explicit instruction in the following learning strategies: metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective
       • CALLA INSTRUCTIONAL CONCEPTS
         • Focuses on what is going on in students' minds rather than in their overt responses
         • Literacy accross the Curriculum
           • Focuses on the language demands of content subjects and seeks to integrate literacy and content instruction
         • Language Experience Approach
           • Students learn that what is said can be written down and that what has been written down can be read.
         • Balanced Reading Approach
           • Children do not learn to read in only one way, but that individual variation in literacy development
         • Process Writing
           • Students learn that writing involves thinking, reflection, and multiple revisions
         • Cooperative Learning
           • Students work in carefully selected and organized groups on learning tasks that are structured so that all studenets share in the responsibility for completing the task.
         • Inquiry Approaches
           • Moves students through an inquiry cycle designed to help them learn from experiences
         • Standard-Based Instruction
           • Based on national or state standards for each content subject area
   • APPROACHES
     • Cooperative learning
     • Explicit LS instruction
     • Maximizing content and language objectives
     • KWL chart
     • Questioning
     • Word Walls
     • Outlines

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