Chapter 7

Chapter 7

1. Memory: several important processes

   • Knowledge is organzied and represented by:
     • 1- Cluster, remembering simular items in groups
       • 2- Conceptual heirarchies, multi level classifications
         • 3- Schemas, a organized cluster of knowledge about something we understand from previous experience.
           • 4- Semantic Networks, Nodes represent concepts and are joined to related concepts
             • 5- Connectionist Networks and PDP Models, Cognitive processes dependent on patterns of activation of neural networks.

2. Encoding: How memories are formed

   • Attention: Tuning things out around us to focus on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. The Cocktail Party phenomenon, shows we can we can tune out conversation in a room to focos on one conversation,but hearing our own name will grab our attention.
     • Effortful Processing: Intentionally listening to rember
     • Automatic Processing:Rembering something without intending to
     • Craiks and Lockharts Levels of Processing Theory
       • Structural encoding - shallow processing. ie, a flash of a word you only recal it was in capitols
       • Phonenemic: encoding - Immediate processing
       • Semantic encoding - Deep processing, The best way to memorize something.
       • Enriching encoding: 4 things can help turn short term memories into long term memories.
         • 1- Elboration, linking infomation you would like rembered with other info at time of encoding.
           • 2- Visual Imagery. Creating mental or actual pictures to repesent to information you want to remember.
             • 3- Self -Referent Encoding. How or wether information is personally revelent. ie, how something could be related to you will strengthen encoding.
               • 4- Other sensories, using other of our 5 senss helps enhance memory.
         • Dual Coding Theory. Using 2 or more encoding stratigies will enhance memory because it provides multiple pathways.

3. Storage: How memories are kept over time, subdivided into 3 different stores. 1-Sensory 2. Short term 3. Long term

   • 1- Sensory memory, ability to preserve sensory info in its origianl form for 1/4 of a second
     • 2- Short term, Limited capacity to store unrehearsed info up to 20s.
       • 3- Long term, Can be perment, unlimited capacity to store information for days, months or years.
   • Flash Bulb Memoeries, memories of momentous events, not always accurate due to the influence of emotion

4. Retrieval: How memories are recovered and translated into performance

   • Tip of the tongue Phenomnon, Tempory inability to remember something you know.
     • Reinsating Context, memories are often jogged with retreival cues.
       • Reconstructing memories and misinformation, not always able to recall events correctly.
         • Source Monitoring and reality monitoring
           • Not knowing the source or orgins of a memory, know theyve seen something, but not sure where..
           • reality monitoring, a subtype of source monitoring, which can sometimes leave us confused if a event did take place, ie Did I take a pill or just intend to.

5. Forgetting.

   • Ineffective Coding, thinking you are forgetting but in fact its never been encoded, also called pseudforgeting. often from lack pf paying attention.
     • Decay, memories fade with time. In LTM it is what happens over time not just the passage of time that cause memory decay.
       • Interfernce, forgetting information because of competion from other material.
         • Retriieval failure, a mismatch between the encoded info and the retrieval code.
           • Motivated forgetting, forgetting things you dont want to think about.

6. Types of Memory

   • Implicicit, remebring something you did not intend
     • Explicit, Intentionally remebering something
       • Declaritive, Factual information. ie, faes, dates, math, definitions.
         • Procedural, memory for actions and skills, not a conscious thought while doing the activity.
           • Prospective, recalling something you must do in the future
             • Retrospective, remembering past events or facts.
         • Semantic - general facts
         • Episodic, personal facts and experiences

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