Chap.6 concept map

Chap.6 concept map

1. Learning

   • Learning is any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience.
   • Classical Conditioning
     • Is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
     • Pavlov's demonstration: how learned associations were formed by events in an organism's environment.
     • Unconditioned stimulus: evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning, it is an unlearned reaction.
       • Unconditioned response: The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of unconditioned stimulus.
     • Conditioned stimulus: evokes a conditioned response because it is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus previously presented.
       • Conditioned response: neutral stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning>
     • Many kinds of everyday responses are regulated through classical conditioning, including phobias, fears, and pleasant emotional responses. Even physiological responses, such as immune and sexual functioning, respond to classical conditioning.
   • Conditioning: involves learning connections between events that occur in an organism's environment.

2. Operant Conditioning

   • is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
   • Thorndike's Law of Effect
     • Law of effect: if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effect, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
   • Skinner's demonstration
     • Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.
   • Reinforcement contingencies : circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.
     • Primary reinforcers: events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
     • Secondary reinforcers: events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
     • Positive reinforcement: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
     • Negative reinforcement: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

3. Observable learning

   • An organism is conditioned by watching a model's conditioning.
   • Both classical and operant conditioning can occur through observable learning, which depends on the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.