Alliance System: International Relations

Alliance System: International Relations

1. Dual Entente:Franco-Russia (1894)

   • Reasons
     • Germany and A.H create an alliance (1879)
       • Had an Anti-Russian character
         • Following the flare up of tension in the Balkans in 19870's.
     • Russia and France naturally hostile towards Germany
     • Russia needed an alliance to take the potential threat of the Triple Alliance seriously.
     • Both want to be protected from Germany
   • Terms
     • If France is attacked by Germany or Italy (supported by Germany), Russia should use all her available forces to attack Germany.
     • France shall employ all of her available forces if Russia is attacked by Germany or A.H supported by Germany to attack Germany
     • Any forces of the Triple Alliance or anyone of their Allies should be mobilised, France and Russia immediately and simultaneously the whole of their forces.
     • All available forces to be employed against Germany shall engage to the full with such speed that Germany have to fight simultaneously on the East and West.
     • The General Staffs of the Armies of the 2 countries shall cooperate w/ each other at all times in preparation and facilitation of the execution of the measure mentioned.
     • Russia and France shall not conclude peace separately.
     • The present Convention shall have the same duration as the Triple Alliance.
     • All of the terms should be kept absolutely secret.
   • Impact on International Relations
     • France and Russia regarded stronger as they have Allies.
     • Have a stronger force compared to being w/out allies
     • Have a plan to prepare for conflict with Germany if that occurs.

2. Dual Alliance: Germany & Austria Hungary (1879)

   • Impact on International Relations.
     • Terms were aimed at Russia.
     • Dual Alliance was renewed and was in place the time of WWI in 1914
       • Naturally caused great concern for France and Russia in particular whom faced potentially hostile bloc of Germany and A.H on its central borders.
     • Led to the creation of The Triple Alliance.
   • Terms
     • If either country was attacked by Russia the other would provide full military support
     • if either country was attacked by a country other than Russia the other would observe 'Benevolent Neutrality' (it would not involve itself but might lend non-military support).
     • The agreement would remain secret between the two powers.
     • The agreement would last 5 years with expectation that it would renew every 3 years thereafter.
   • Reasons
     • A.H empire starts to decrease and Germany want to become stronger
     • Germany didn't want to tie A.H to United Germany but wanted to support A.H still without physically joining countries.
     • Allowed A.H to become stronger.
     • Had a common enemies and intrests

3. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy (1882)

   • Terms
     • Germany and Italy would support eachother if either was attacked by France.
     • If Germany, Austria or Italy was attacked by another power,they would give eachother mutual support.
     • If A.H went to war with Russia, Italy would remain neutral.
     • As with the Dual Alliance, the Triple Alliance was to be secret.
   • Reasons
     • Italy joined because it wanted to reduce the possibility of conflict and territorial rivarly with Austria over Istria and Tyrol
     • Italy was a useful ally against France as dispute over Tunisia, promoted Italy to talk with Germany and A.H.
   • Impact on International Relations
     • Italy had more protection than on its own.