Nutrition Week 1

Nutrition Week 1

1. fermenters/ forage eaters

   • caudal/ foregut (sheep and cow)
   • caecal/ hind gut (horse and rabbit)

2. Digestive tract

   • horse:
   • hind gut fermentors
     • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine have similar functions as compared to monogastrics.
     • Large Intestine: Major difference between monogastrics and hind gut fermentors is the large intestine Large intestine is exceptionally large and complex compared to monogastrics and ruminants.
     • The large intestine of hind gut fermentors is analogous to the rumen in ruminants. Large, anaerobic fermentation vat. Microbes digest structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) and soluble carbohydrates that escape digestion in small intestine to VFA’s. VFA’s absorbed from large intestine and utilized by the animal. Microbial protein produced in large intestine is wasted (only very limited absorption from large intestine).
     • PROTEINS: mouth--> stomach, broken down by proteases to peptides--> SI (main site of adsorption) broken down by peptidases to AA
     • FATS: mouth--> stomach --> SI (MSA) broken down by bile salts and lipase to fatty acids
     • STARCH HAS 2 OPTIONS
       • 1. mouth broken down by amylase to maltose--> stomach --> SI (MSA) broken down by amylase and maltase to glucose
       • 2. straight to LI (MSA) where its broken down by microbial action to volatile fatty acids
     • CELLULOSE and HEMICELLULOSE: mouth --> stomach --> SI --> LI (MSA) broken down by microbial action to VFA's
   • cattle

3. Digestive System Comparisons

   • Digestive tract capacities

4. Summary

   • There are three (3) basic types of digestive systems in animal species
     • Simple (Monogastric/ simple stomach) pig and calves – low fiber, need amino acids to be provided in feed (Met., Lys)
     • Ruminant (cranial fermentor) sheep and cow – forages and need fiber, can make microbial protein and thus amino acids, and some vitamins
     • Hind gut (caudal fermentor) – forages and fiber
   • Type of digestive system influences
     • the dietary foodstuffs the animal can effectively utilize
     • dietary requirements

5. Neonatal nutrition

   • Passive immunity to disease
     • Immunological molecules: IgG (IgA, IgM) – immuno-globulins
     • Not passed across the placenta in ruminants (in the uterus)
     • Depend on colostrum to provide immunity to disease
   • colostrum
     • the 3 Q's: Quickly, Quality and Quantity
       • QUICKLY: timing is everything, early colostrum = lower mortality
       • QUANTITY: Day 1: Feed 2.5 litres within the first 6 hours Additional 1 litre during first 12 hours Day 2 to 3: Transition Continue to feed colostrum while moving onto milk (twice daily) Amount and source 3 to 4 litres / day for 3 days Adult cows
     • Transport of macromolecules is achieved in many cases by binding of luminal factors to specific receptors that shuttle them across the intestinal mucosa without intracellular hydrolysis
     • nutritional profile of colostrum
       • more than just lgG, Proteins, fat, lactose, mineral and vitamins Non immunological molecules: Lysozymes, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase Nutrients, antibodies, hormones, bio-active peptides and enzymes increase: intestinal DNA synthesis and gut development, intestinal villi area and calf growth rate
     • Insulin growth factor levels (ng/ml)
     • response to colostrum: growth rate
   • milk feeding
     • Initial sole feed Development of digestive tract Rumen (size and function) Digestive enzymes to breakdown starch and sugars (cereals – piglets) Transition / weaning Calf 6, 9 to 12 weeks – artificially reared 6 months – suckled Piglet and lamb Creep feeds
   • feeds and feeding
     • Solid food Digested in rumen Develops rumen papillae (VFA’s)
       • solid feeds: Offered second week of life Cereal based feeds VFA production Rumen development Papilli (height, width and density) Rumen volume (size / weight) Tissue thickness
     • Cereal based feed Proprionic (cereals)
     • Fibre (straw, hays) Rumen volume Oral activity

6. Pre-ruminant to ruminant

   • milk only 6 week old calf
     • • Milk and hay (6 week old calf)
         • Milk and hay (12 weeks)
           • Grain stimulates rumen:
   • A transition (develop that rumen) Milk (abomasum) Transferred past rumen Rumo-reticular groove

7. objectives

   • Minimise mortality Optimise mammary development (growth phases) and synthetic capacity Optimise nutrition and management to develop the rumen Optimal growth rates according to growth phase Achieve optimal maturity targets Optimise genetic efficiency for milk production

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