SG Chapter 2

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•Compare characteristics of prokaryotic cell vs. eukaryotic cell

•Know the following shapes of bacteria: Coccus/cocci, bacillus/bacilli, coccobacilli, vibrio, spirillum, spirochaete;

•Know the following terms relevant to bacterial arrangements: “diplo-”, “strepto-”, “tetrad”, “staphylo-”, "sarcinae"; Which of these arrangements are found in cocci-shape? bacillus-shape?

•What is the difference between monomorphic vs. pleomorphic bacteria

•Discuss thestructure and function(s)/Significance of the following prokaryotic cell structures:

1.Glycocalyx: capsule vs. slime layer, functions

2.Flagella: function, three parts of a typical bacterial flagellar structure, and their arrangements, run and tumble kind of movement

3.Axial filaments: where are they found? Type of movement?

4.Pili and Fimbriae: function

5.Cell wall: -Structure of peptidoglycan in general: NAG and NAM sugars, side chains, peptide cross-bridges -Structural differences between Gm+ and Gm- cell wall with respect to the following points: peptidoglycan thickness in Gm+ vs. Gm-, teichoic acids in Gm+and their function, what is periplasmic space in Gm-, Outer membrane in Gm- and its composition, LPS/lipid A (endotoxin) and O polysaccharide in Gm- and their significance/function, porins in Gm- and their function-Effects of penicillin on Gm+ vs. Gm- cell wall. (why does penicillin work on Gm + but not against Gm-?) -Atypical cell walls:

1. Acid-fast cell wall: presence of waxy lipid mycolic acid and examples of acid fast bacteria;

2. Mycoplasma: no cell wall,

3. How is archaeal cell wall different from bacterial cell wall?-Damage to cell wall: What are protoplast and spheroplast? Significance?

6.Plasma membrane (cytoplasmic membrane/cell membrane): -Structure and three different Functions in bacteria, Fluid Mosaic Model, -Transport across the membrane: Discuss passive (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis,) vs. active (active transport, group translocation) processes of transport across membranes in prokaryotes, including the following: Energy requirements, effects of concentration gradients on the process -Osmosis: hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions; what happens if you suspend bacteria in these solutions, define plasmolysis and osmotic lysis.-Which of the transport processes require energy? require transporter protein?-Know that Group Translocation is the only transport process during which the substance being transported is chemically altered (usually phosphorylated) and is unique to only bacterial cells

7.What is the difference between Eukaryotic nucleus (true nucleus) and bacterial nucleoid? Know the characteristics of bacterial nucleoid (no nuclear membrane, haploid DNA, no histones, circular DNA). What are plasmids (significance and transfer)?

8. Bacterial ribosomes: where are they present? Function? How are they different from eukaryotic ribosomes?

9.Cytoplasm: composition? what structures are present in bacterial cytoplasm?

10.Inclusions: What are they? When do they form? What is their function/significance? -Know different types of Inclusions/storage granules: Composition and function (metachromatic/volutin/polyphosphate, lipid/PHB, polysaccharide granules, sulfur granules)

11.Endospores: What is sporulation? Germination? When do they form? Why are endospores not a type of reproduction? Why do they last for a long time? Their function/significance?