chapter 38 key terms

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adventitious

alveoli: small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange

angina: a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles

arterial blood gas: a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

atelectasis: incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs

atria: upper chambers of the heart

atrioventricular bundle: a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract

atrioventricular (AV) node: a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

bradypnea: slow rate of breathing

bronchial: those heard over the trachea; high in pitch and intensity, with expiration being longer than inspiration

bronchodilator: medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles

bronchovesicular: normal breath sounds heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area

capnography: a method to monitor ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs

cardiopulmonary: relating to the heart and the lungs

cardiovascular: relating to the heart and blood vessels

cilia: microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated

circulation

crackles: fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs

diffusion: tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

dry powder inhaler (DPI): types of breath-activated delivery methods for inhaled medications

dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing

dysrhythmia: an abnormal cardiac rhythm

electrocardiogram (ECG): graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph

endotracheal tube: polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide

expiration: act of breathing out; synonym is exhalation

heart failure

hemothorax: blood that develops in the pleural space

hyperventilation: condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs

hypoventilation: decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

hypoxemia: deficient oxygenation of blood

hypoxia: inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells

inspiration: act of breathing in; synonym is inhalation

internal respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells

ischemia: deficiency of blood in a particular area

metered-dose inhaler (MDI): instrument that delivers a controlled dose of medication to narrowed airways with each compression of the canister

myocardial infarction: one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen; also known as a heart attack

nasal cannula: disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils

nebulizer: instrument that disperses fine particles of medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract where absorption occurs

oxygenation: the process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen

pacemaker: another name for the sinoatrial (SA) node; initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals

perfusion: process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues

pleural effusion: fluid in the pleural space

pleural friction rub: continuous, dry grating sound caused by inflammation of pleural surfaces and loss of lubricating pleural fluid

pneumothorax: air in the pleural space

pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulse oximetry: noninvasive technique that measures the oxygen saturation (SaO2) of arterial blood

respiration: gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

sinoatrial (SA) node: a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker

spirometer: instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)

sputum: respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat

surfactant: detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

tachypnea: rapid rate of breathing

thoracentesis: aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space

tracheostomy: artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted

ventricles: lower chambers of the heart

vesicular

wheezes: continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages

(Taylor 1396)

Taylor, Carol. Fundamentals of Nursing. Wolters Kluwer Health, 10/2014. VitalBook file.