Quiz
PSYC 370 - Final Exam Study
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Perguntas do quiz (100)
1What does the construction corollary state?
- APeople anticipate events according to their interpretations of recurrent themes.
- BPeople have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.
- CPeople continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience.
- DPeople can communicate with others because they are able to construe others' constructions.
2What does the individuality corollary state?
- APeople have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.
- BPeople continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience.
- CPeople's behaviour is sometimes inconsistent because one's construct systems can admit incompatible elements.
- DPeople anticipate events according to their interpretations of recurrent themes.
3What does the organization corollary state?
- APeople arrange their personal constructs in a hierarchical system.
- BPeople choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they perceive will extend their range of future choices.
- CConstructs of people with similar experiences tend to be similar.
- DPersonal constructs are limited to a finite range of convenience.
4What does the dichotomy corollary state?
- APeople construe events in an either/or manner.
- BPeople choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they perceive will extend their range of future choices.
- CBehaviour is sometimes inconsistent because one's construct systems can admit incompatible elements.
- DPersonal constructs are limited to a finite range of convenience.
5Which corollary states that "people choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they perceive will extend their range of future choices"?
- AChoice corollary
- BDichotomy corollary
- CRange corollary
- DModulation corollary
6Which corollary states that "personal constructs are limited to a finite range of convenience"?
- ARange corollary
- BChoice corollary
- CConvenience corollary
- DModulation corollary
7Which corollary states that "people continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience"?
- AExperience corollary
- BConstruction corollary
- CModulation corollary
- DSociality corollary
8Which corollary states that "the variation within a person's constructs is limited by the permeability of those constructs"?
- AModulation corollary
- BChoice corollary
- CExperience corollary
- DRange corollary
9What does the fragmentation corollary state?
- ABehaviour is sometimes inconsistent because one's construct systems can admit incompatible elements.
- BPeople construe events in an either/or manner.
- CPeople have different experiences & therefore construe events in different ways.
- DPeople continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience.
10Which corollary states that "constructs of people with similar experiences tend to be similar"?
- ACommonality corollary
- BSociality corollary
- COrganization corollary
- DFragmentation corollary
11What does the sociality corollary state?
- APeople can communicate with others because they are able to construe others' constructions.
- BConstructs of people with similar experiences tend to be similar.
- CPeople have different experiences & therefore construe events in different ways.
- DPeople continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience.
12How did Kelly conceptualize psychopathology?
- ADisordered behaviour results from an individual refusing to adapt their constructs with new experiences.
- BDisordered behaviour results from any incongruency between personal constructs.
- CDisordered behaviour results from maladaptive thought patterns.
- DKelly did not propose a theory of psychopathology, only normal psychology.
13According to Kelly, guilt results from:
- AThe sense of having lost one's core role structure
- BThe awareness of imminent change in one's constructs
- CThe recognition that one's behaviour is incongruent with one's constructs
- DThe refusal to change one's constructs to encompass new experiences
14Which theorist studied physics and engineering before becoming involved in psychology?
- AGeorge Kelly
- BCarl Rogers
- CGordon Allport
- DRaymond Cattell
15What is constructive alternativism?
- AThe assumption that all present interpretations of the universe are subject to revision or replacement.
- BThe tendency to live in the moment.
- CThe belief that the subjective realities of individuals comprises their realities.
- DThe assertion that existence takes precedent over essence.
16According to Rogers, which of the following is NOT a necessary trait of an effective therapist?
- AUnconditional positive regard for the client
- BDemonstrates empathy towards the client
- CDemonstrates congruence within the therapeutic relationship
- DBeing a fully functioning person of tomorrow
17According to Rogers, what is the root of psychopathology?
- AA large, undeniable incongruence between one's ideal self and actual self
- BThe overvaluation of other people's regard for oneself
- CThe inability to correctly label and process one's emotions
- DUnconscious, intrapsychic conflicts stemming from childhood
18According to Rogers, what is the most common defense mechanism?
- ARogers did not believe in defense mechanisms.
- BDistortion
- CDenial
- DDisplacement
19What motivated Rogers to create a theory of personality?
- AHe believed a theoretical base was necessary for a psychotherapeutic approach.
- BHe wanted to help people he saw suffering after World War II.
- CHe was deeply fascinated by the wide range of possible personalities.
- DHe was pressured to create a formal theory out of his therapeutic practices.
20What is the term for the tendency of all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms?
- AFormative tendency
- BActualizing tendency
- CEnhancement tendency
- DMaintenance tendency
21Which of the following is NOT a component of unconditional positive regard?
- ARecognizing and praising positive changes that one makes in their life
- BAcceptance without possessiveness
- CEmpathetic warmth
- DGenuine care for & valuation of another person
22What is the central goal of client-centered therapy?
- ACongruence
- BAnxiety reduction
- CSelf-actualization
- DExistential living
23Which of the following does NOT characterize Rogers' view of humanity?
- AOptimistic
- BAgentic
- CTeleological
- DSociocultural
24What are conditions of worth?
- AConditions that exists when people are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self & their significant experiences.
- BRestrictions or qualifications attached to one person's regard for another.
- CAspects of one's being and experiences that an individual is consciously aware of.
- DThose basic needs that protect the status quo, which may be either physiological or interpersonal.
25Which theorist used the Q-Sort technique to assess personality?
- AGeorge Kelly
- BRollo May
- CCarl Rogers
- DHans Eysenck
26Which of the following was NOT a critique of Rogerian theory?
- ALittle research support
- BCulturally biased
- CNaively optimistic
- DOver-reliant on subjective reports
27Which theorist went to theological seminary before pursuing psychology?
- ARollo May
- BPaul Costa
- CCarl Rogers
- DGordon Allport
28What is the actualizing tendency?
- AThe tendency within all beings to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
- BThe tendency to actualize the self as one perceives oneself.
- CThe tendency in all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
- DThe tendency to need to be accepted & prized by another without any restrictions or qualifications.
29What is the difference between the actualizing tendency and self-actualization?
- AThe actualizing tendency refers to the tendency to move towards fulfilling one's potentials, whereas self-actualization refers to whether one perceives one's self-concept and actual self as congruent.
- BThere is no difference -- they are synonymous.
- CThe actualizing tendency refers to the innate drive towards self-actualization, whereas self-actualization refers to the goal state of fulfilling one's potentials.
- DThe actualizing tendency refers to organismic drives towards fulfilling one's maintenance needs, whereas self-actualization refers to the drive towards fulfilling one's enhancement needs.
30Which of the following is NOT a reason that some individuals struggle to accept compliments, according to Rogers?
- AThey have not yet attained self-actualization and thus do not have positive self-regard.
- BCompliments are implicitly threatening, as they indicate that the compliment-giver is evaluating the individual.
- CIndividuals may distrust the compliment giver's motives or truthfulness.
- DThe compliment is inconsistent with the individual's self-concept.
31What is an I-thou relationship within the therapeutic context?
- AA relationship in which both the therapist and client are equally positioned as subjects.
- BA relationship in which both the therapist and client hold unconditional positive regard for each other.
- CA relationship in which the therapist is non-directive and focuses on the client's goals.
- DA relationship in which the client takes on a new role in order to test out new constructs.
32Which of the following is NOT a common element of existentialist theories?
- AEssence precedes existence
- BUnity of subject and object
- CAntitheoretical stance
- DIndividuals are ultimately personally responsible
33Which of the following is NOT a form of love described by May?
- AStorge
- BPragma
- CEros
- DPhilautia
34What is Umwelt?
- AThe world of things/objects
- BThe world of one's relationships to other people
- CThe world of one's relationship to self
- DThe world of one's relationship to temporality
35Which of the following would have high essential freedom, but low existential freedom?
- APrisoners in a concentration camp
- BWealthy people with depression
- CCollege students picking out their classes
- DEveryone has the same inherent level of both existential and essential freedom
36What was May's term for the process by which meaning is created?
- AIntentionality
- BWill
- CBeing-in-the-world
- DEigenwelt
37What is the difference between normal anxiety and neurotic anxiety, according to May?
- ANormal anxiety refers to anxiety coming from the awareness of existential realities, whereas neurotic anxiety refers to anxiety coming from refusing to confront those existential realities.
- BNormal anxiety refers to anxiety which does not interfere with daily functioning, whereas neurotic anxiety refers to anxiety which prevents one from being a fully functioning person.
- CNormal anxiety refers to anxiety coming from the awareness of existential realities, whereas neurotic anxiety refers to the inability to authentically connect to others.
- DNormal anxiety refers to anxiety that arises out of the tasks of everyday living, whereas neurotic anxiety refers to anxiety that arises when one is unable to exercise their existential freedoms.
38What is the role of myths in contemporary society, according to May?
- AMyths are powerful collective sources of meaning and explanations for personal and social problems.
- BMyths block individuals from realizing their own unique destiny.
- CMyths can be helpful, but can also be harmful depending on the extent to which individuals internalize them.
- DMyths were useful explanatory tools in the pre-scientific age, but are now more harmful than helpful.
39What is the primary source of psychopathology according to May?
- AApathy & the inability to authentically connect with others
- BThe refusal to confront existential realities
- CActing with will but not love
- DThe awareness of the possibility of one's not being, through death or loss of awareness
40Which of the following does NOT characterize guilt, as described by May?
- AGuilt can be either positive or negative.
- BGuilt is ontological rather than based on one's actions.
- CGuilt resulting from alienation from one's potentials is universal and unavoidable.
- DThere are three forms of guilt, related to the three forms of love.
41What does "Dasein" refer to?
- ABeing in the world
- BAlienation from one's potentials
- CPlatonic love
- DOne's relationship to oneself
42In what philosopher's work is existential psychology rooted?
- ASøren Kierkegaard
- BFriederich Nietzsche
- CAlbert Camus
- DJean-Paul Sartre
43What is the primary goal of existential psychotherapy?
- ASymptom reduction
- BSelf-actualization
- CBecoming more free
- DThe goals of existential psychotherapy are defined by the client, not the therapist
44What is therapeutic technique is central to existential psychotherapy?
- AEmpathetic listening
- BFixed role therapy
- CConfrontation
- DNone of the above
45Which of the following does NOT correspond to May's definition of destiny?
- ADeath is the ultimate destiny of all beings.
- BDestiny refers to one's goals and aspirations rather than a preordained lifepath.
- CFreedom and destiny are antithetical and oppositional to one another.
- DEach person's destiny is unique to them.
46Which of the following is NOT a category of idiographic trait utilized by Allport?
- ACommon trait
- BCardinal trait
- CCentral trait
- DSecondary trait
47What is the definition of "proprium"?
- AThe essential, unchanging core of the self.
- BThe single, dominant trait that characterizes all behaviour.
- CThe method of factor analysis utilized by Cattell.
- DEnduring and practical love.
48Which of the following is the best example of perseverative functional autonomy?
- ABrushing one's teeth twice a day.
- BChoosing to study psychology in university.
- CAlways tipping 15% or more at restaurants.
- DStaying late at work to finish a project.
49How many central traits did Allport suggest people possess?
- A1-5
- B5-10
- C10-20
- DCountless
50Which trait theorist(s) favoured an idiographic approach to describing personality?
- AGordon Allport
- BRaymond Cattell
- CHans Eysenck
- DRobert McCrae & Paul Costa
51To what did Allport primarily attribute the development of traits?
- ABiogenetic factors
- BEnvironmental factors
- CBoth biogenetic and environmental factors
- DAllport did not speculate on the origin of traits
52What did Allport think of Freud?
- AFreud over-emphasized unconscious sources of personality.
- BFreud's identification of the Oedipus complex reflected the power of the Oedipus myth in our collective cultural imagination.
- CFreud was an unscientific embarrassment to the field of psychology.
- DFreud's use of idiographic methods was uniquely suited to studying personality.
53Which of the following is NOT a common feature of different trait theories?
- ATrait theories begin with linguistic analysis and then use statistical analysis to identify underlying constructs.
- BTrait theories focus on the identification and categorization of observable behaviours.
- CTrait theories predict the behaviour of individuals based on their identified traits.
- DTrait theories look at both environmental and biogenetic influences in conceptualizing traits.
54Which of the following best defines a trait?
- AAn enduring tendency to behave, think, and feel in a certain way that is consistent across contexts and over time.
- BDescription of behaviours that continue on their own without extrinsic motivational factors.
- CA relatively enduring tendency to behave, think, and feel in a certain way that can manifest differently across different contexts and developmental periods.
- DDescriptions of behaviours that are intrinsically motivated, emerging from one's values, self-image, and lifestyle.
55In his TED Talk, how does Brian Little explain why people may act in ways that contradict their basic traits?
- ABecause traits are often based on self-report data, they may be inaccurately labeled.
- BWhen people are acting to achieve a goal, they are motivated to act out of character with their basic traits.
- CContextual and sociocultural factors can impede the expression of one's authentic self.
- DOur understandings of traits like extraversion are rooted in pop psychology rather than their biogenetic markers.
56Which of the following is NOT a type of nature named by Brian Little in his TED Talk?
- ABiogenic nature
- BSociogenic nature
- CIdiogenic nature
- DExperiogenic nature
57What method of gathering data did Cattell utilize?
- ADeductive
- BInductive
- CStatistical
- DEthnographic
58How many source traits did Cattell identify?
- A3
- B5
- C12
- D16
59Match the method of observation to the label Cattell gave the resultant data:
A person's life record derived from behavioural observations. [blank_start]L data[blank_end]
Self-reports and subjective self-descriptions. [blank_start]Q data[blank_end]
Objective tests measuring performance. [blank_start]T data[blank_end]- AL data
- BQ data
- CT data
60In Cattell's investigation of heredity in determining personality, what did he conclude?
- AIdentical twins' personalities were more similar than expected, but biological siblings were less similar than expected.
- BBoth identical twins and biological siblings' personalities were more similar than expected.
- CIdentical twins, biological siblings, and adopted siblings' personalities were more similar than expected.
- DAdopted siblings' personalities were more similar than expected, but identical twins were less similar than expected.
61What personality assessment is associated with Cattell's work?
- A16 PF Scale
- BNEO-PI Scale
- CNEO-PI-R Scale
- DMBTI Scale
62Of the 35 primary traits identified by Cattell, how many described psychopathological traits?
- A12
- B19
- C10
- D16
63Which of the following is NOT a category of traits used by Cattell?
- ATemperament
- BMotivation
- CAbility
- DPreference
64Which of the following was NOT a superfactor identified by Eynsenck?
- ANeuroticism
- BPsychoticism
- CExtraversion
- DOpenness
65How did Eynsenck's trait taxonomy differ from other trait theorists?
- AHe believed that traits must be biologically based.
- BHe believed that any given trait was not inherently pathological.
- CHe believed that traits were necessarily sociocultural.
- DHe believed that traits could not predict behaviour.
66What is the biological basis of extraversion, according to Eynsenck?
- ACortical arousal variability
- BSympathetic nervous system variability
- CDopamine variability
- DTestosterone variability
67What is the biological basis of neuroticism, according to Eynsenck?
- ACortical arousal variability
- BSympathetic nervous system variability
- CDopamine variability
- DTestosterone variability
68What is the biological basis of psychoticism, according to Eynsenck?
- ACortical arousal variability
- BSympathetic nervous system variability
- CDopamine variability
- DTestosterone variability
69Which of the following is NOT associated with high levels of psychoticism, as described by Eynsenck?
- AAggression
- BCreativity
- CPsychopathology
- DLow impulse control
70To which theory of personality does the lexical hypothesis apply?
- ATrait theory
- BExistential psychology
- CPersonal construct theory
- DPerson-centered theory
71Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Big Five?
- AUniversal
- BCategorical
- CStandardized
- DNon-contextual
72Which of the following is NOT a measure of the Big Five?
- ANEO-PI-R
- BBFI
- CTIPI
- D16-PF
73For a standard normal distribution, what percentage of the population falls within...
1 SD: [blank_start]68[blank_end]%
2 SD: [blank_start]95[blank_end]%
3 SD [blank_start]99.7[blank_end]%- A68
- B95
- C99.7
74Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality associated with openness?
- AOriginal -- conventional
- BImaginative -- down to earth
- CBroad interests -- narrow interests
- DFun-loving -- sober
75Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality associated with conscientiousness?
- ACareful -- careless
- BReliable -- undependable
- CSelf-disciplined -- weak-willed
- DCourteous -- rude
76Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality associated with extraversion?
- AAffectionate -- reserved
- BSpontaneous -- inhibited
- CTalkative -- quiet
- DCurious -- incurious
77Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality associated with agreeableness?
- AGood-natured -- irritable
- BForgiving -- vengeful
- CSympathetic -- callous
- DSecure -- insecure
78Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality associated with neuroticism?
- ASelf-satisfied -- self-pitying
- BHigh-strung -- relaxed
- CVulnerable -- hardy
- DWeak-willed -- self-disciplined
79Which of the following is the most accurate description of the stability of Big Five traits over the lifespan?
- ARank-order stability is high, but mean-level stability is low
- BBoth rank-order and mean-level stability are low
- CBoth rank-order and mean-level stability are high
- DRank-order stability is low, but mean-level stability is high
80Which of the following is NOT a critique of Five-Factor Trait Theory?
- AShallowly taxonomic
- BDoesn't account for contextual factors
- CCulturally biased
- DAtheoretical
81Match the components of five-factor theory to their respective categories. (Arrange alphabetically.)
Core components:
1. [blank_start]Basic tendencies[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Characteristic adaptations[blank_end]
Peripheral components:
1. [blank_start]Biological bases[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]External influences[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Objective biography[blank_end]- ABasic tendencies
- BCharacteristic adaptations
- CBiological bases
- DExternal influences
- EObjective biography
82In five-factor theory, what are basic tendencies?
- AThe universal raw material of personality.
- BAll experiences of a person across their lifespan.
- CPhysical or social situations that have some influence on the personality system.
- DAcquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
- EThe principal biological mechanisms that influence personality.
83In five-factor theory, what are characteristic adaptations?
- AAll experiences of a person across their lifespan.
- BAcquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
- CPhysical or social situations that have some influence on the personality system.
- DThe principal biological mechanisms that influence personality.
- EThe universal raw material of personality.
84In five-factor theory, what are biological bases?
- AThe universal raw material of personality.
- BAll experiences of a person across their lifespan.
- CAcquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
- DThe principal biological mechanisms that influence personality.
- EPhysical or social situations that have some influence on the personality system.
85In five-factor theory, what are objective biographies?
- AThe universal raw material of personality.
- BAll experiences of a person across their lifespan.
- CAcquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
- DThe principal biological mechanisms that influence personality.
- EPhysical or social situations that have some influence on the personality system.
86In five-factor theory, what are external influences?
- AThe universal raw material of personality.
- BAll experiences of a person across their lifespan.
- CAcquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
- DThe principal biological mechanisms that influence personality.
- EPhysical or social situations that have some influence on the personality system.
87Which postulate for basic tendencies of the five-factory theory is synonymous with the hard plaster hypothesis?
- AOrigin postulate
- BDevelopment postulate
- CStructure postulate
- DIndividuality postulate
88Which of the following is NOT a postulate for characteristic adaptations?
- AAdaption postulate
- BMaladjustment postulate
- CPlasticity postulate
- DAgency postulate
89For statistical analysis, McCrae & Costa favoured the [blank_start]orthogonal rotation[blank_end] method whereas Cattell favoured the [blank_start]oblique[blank_end] method.
- Aorthogonal rotation
- Boblique
- Cfactor analysis
- Dcorrelation coefficient
- Edimensional
- Fcategorical
90What is the central assertion of cognitive-adaptive trait theory?
- ATrait variation reflects different strategies for adapting to the environment.
- BBehavioural variations result from social cognitive factors rather than stable internal traits.
- CTrait variation is the result of evolutionary processes.
- DTrait variation reflects different internal constructs based on one's prior experiences.
91Which of the following is NOT an implication of cognitive-adaptive trait theory?
- ATrait variations are not inherently adaptive or maladaptive.
- BSince cognitive and neural processes are plastic and dynamic, traits are not stable throughout the lifespan.
- CTrait manifestations are predicted by self-regulatory skills.
- DSince environmental challenges vary culturally, trait manifestations will also vary culturally
92According to CATT, what do variations in neuroticism represent?
- AAdaptations to threatening situations
- BAdaptations to socially demanding situations
- CAdaptations to learning situations
- DAdaptations to cooperative situations
- EAdaptations to opportunistic situations
93According to CATT, what do variations in openness represent?
- AAdaptations to threatening situations
- BAdaptations to socially demanding situations
- CAdaptations to learning situations
- DAdaptations to cooperative situations
- EAdaptations to opportunistic situations
94According to CATT, what do variations in conscientiousness represent?
- AAdaptations to threatening situations
- BAdaptations to socially demanding situations
- CAdaptations to learning situations
- DAdaptations to cooperative situations
- EAdaptations to opportunistic situations
95According to CATT, what do variations in extraversion represent?
- AAdaptations to threatening situations
- BAdaptations to socially demanding situations
- CAdaptations to learning situations
- DAdaptations to cooperative situations
- EAdaptations to opportunistic situations
96According to CATT, what do variations in agreeableness represent?
- AAdaptations to threatening situations
- BAdaptations to socially demanding situations
- CAdaptations to learning situations
- DAdaptations to cooperative situations
- EAdaptations to opportunistic situations
97What is the central assertion of whole trait theory?
- ABehavioural variations result from both stable internal traits and social-cognitive factors.
- BTraits cannot predict behaviour: they are only capable of describing predispositions.
- CTrait variation reflects different strategies for adapting to the environment.
- DBehavioural variations result from social cognitive factors rather than stable internal traits.
98According to whole trait theory, how should trait descriptions be best understood?
- ADensity distributions of states
- BSociocultural adaptations to one's environment
- CStable internal tendencies
- DSources of explanation for behaviour
99According to whole trait theory, what sort of mechanisms predict behaviour?
- APsychological
- BNeurobiological
- CSociocultural
- DEnvironmental
100According to whole trait theory, what are the two necessary components of traits?
- AExplanatory and descriptive
- BBiological and sociocultural
- CExternal and internal
- DStable and dynamic
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- Psychology Quiz sobre PSYC 370 - Final Exam Study, criado por Adam Wisely em 12-12-2023.
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- Adam Wisely
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