Quiz
BioPsych Quiz w1-6: TMS, EMG, fMRI, Anatomy and Theories of Memory, Alzhiemers
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1What determines the shape of the TMS coils?
- AThe model of the machine
- Btype and precision of the stimulation needed
- CThe kind of and strength of electoral pulse
- DThe duration of the test
2How is TMS used in research?
- ADetermining the casual involvement of a brain region
- BTo test clinical drugs
- CTo visualize brain structures
- DTo disable glial cells
3What are clinical applications of TMS?
- AThis option is available in Victoria (e.g., the Victoria Clinic) for depression
- BShock therapy and hyponosis
- CTo disable a problematic part of the brain permantly
- DTo subdue a distressed person to sleep
4What are some advantages of EGG?
- AIt is cheap and relatively easy to conduct
- BTemporal resolution is sound
- CA and B
- DThe patient is conscious
- EYou don't have to be trained to use it
5Essentially one compares the BOLD fMRI signals coming from the brain in two situations
- Athe control and experimental task
- Bthe control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions
- Cthe control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down
- Dthe control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down and another to measure the size/dynamics of the brain
6ERP studies are used for:
- ATesting the ability of post trauma patients
- BHealing parts of the brain
- CTeach post trauma patients to rewire thier neurons
- DTo study components of well established cognitive processes
7Limits of EGG
- ASignals in the sulci are harder to detect than from gyri, and may additionally be masked by the signals from the gyri
- BA and D
- CThe poor spacial resolution makes it difficult to determine location of ERP
- DThe orientation of the neurons determines the sign of the recorded potentials - Some orientations lead to signals which cannot be recorded.
8What adv does fMRI have over PET scans?
- AfMRI doesn't need radiation
- BfMRI is cheaper and easier to use
- CfMRI the patient can be awake
- DfMRI allows for 3D views of the brain
9What is BOLD?
- ABlood Oxygen Level-Dependent
Because the brain sends so much blood to the active area, the oxygen content of the blood actually increases - BThe type of scanning signal
- CBlood Oxygen Leverage-Dependent
The net gradient in change that occurs when brain activity spikes and the brain loses oxygen - DBlood Oxytocin Level-Dependent
Because the patent is nervous, we accept a level of oxycotin spike and compare it against the normal rate
- ABlood Oxygen Level-Dependent
10What is a disadv of BOLD fMRI ?
- Aif two neural events occur within about two seconds of each other, the BOLD fMRI responses to the two events will become confused. Maximum temporal resolution is about 2 seconds.
- Bf a given neuron “requests” more blood, all neighbouring neurons within about 1 mm of it will receive an increased blood flow.
Thus, if two neural events occur within 1 mm of each other, BOLD fMRI will not be able to distinguish them. - CA and B
- Dneither: BOLD measurement compensates for these flaws
11What is a safety concern with fMRI measurements?
- AThe patient may be claustrophibic
- BAny ferromagnetic object brought too close will literally fly into the magnetic, destroying whatever is inside the magnet (e.g. the patient)
- CThe liquid hydrogen could leak
- DNone of the above
- EGetting he procedure wrong can resultin patient brain injury
12Which process states the physics of the brain scan correctly
- ANone of the below: the process is molecular
- BThe slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity, thus we drip feed signals and see how long it takes for the brain to stop responding completely
- CThe slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.
we excite the brain with an RF pulse.
Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.
By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain. - Dwe excite the brain with an RF pulse.
Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.
By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.
The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.
13Cririsms of fMRI include:
- AMultiple Comparisons Problem- multiple comparisons problem: the more t tests you do, the greater chance there is of reporting a false positive, solved by preforming a Bonferoni Correction test
- BAll answers are correct
- COver Interpretation of Null Results: the failure to prove that a given brain area is involved in a particular task does not prove that the brain area is not involved in the task
- DNon-independent sample selection : use different scanning sessions for the identification and testing of the ROI.
14Epilepsy is caused by:
- AInhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
glutamate, due to a reduction in GABA - BInhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
glutamate, due to a reduction in glutamine - CNeurons going through apoptosis at an alarming rate
- DNone of the above
- AInhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
15TLE Epilepsy involves
- ARecurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness)
AND Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness) - BRecurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but not
Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness) - CRecurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Not, Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but actually
Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness) - DNone of the above
- ARecurrent unprovoked seizures originating
16Hippocampal formation is essential for what functions?
- Anecessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
Information is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage. - BInformation is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage. - Cnecessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
Information is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage.
Connecting to the temporal neocortex - Dall of the above
- Anecessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
17Who was HM?
- A27 y.o. man with severe temporal
lobe epilepsy
Underwent bilateral
resection of extensive amount of
medial temporal tissue. Normal attention span, preserved
intelligence
Retrograde memory essentially recovered
over time. Severe anterograde amnesia
– Declarative Declarative memory: conscious access to
information learned previously. Severely impaired vs. procedural memory: remembering ‘how to’. Was ok. - B27 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s - CSuffered DAT and diagnosed with the disease after memory assessment
- D50 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s
- A27 y.o. man with severe temporal
18what does damage to papez circuit result in?
- Aresult in declarative memory impairment
- Bresult in declarative memory impairment and procedural memory
- Cdamage to episodic and procedural memory
- Ddamage to rely to the amygdala
19What was the research question in Amassian et al. (1989) classical TMS study?
- AThey investigated error processing by applying TMS during the time window of the ERN.
- BThey investigated the effects of TMS over primary visual cortex on the perception of letter stimuli.
- CThey investigated the effects of TMS over prefrontal cortex on the perception of letter stimuli.
- DThey investigated the effects of TMS over primary motor cortex on mental rotation
20The maximum temporal resolution of fMRI is approximately
- A2 ms
- B20 ms
- C200 ms
- D2000 ms
21Which of the following is a safety concern for fMRI?
- AIt involves ingesting a radioactive isotope.
- BThe machine may cause people to feel claustrophobic.
- CPatients must fast before having an fMRI scan.
- DIt should not be administered to patients with epilepsy.
22What is a typical EEG amplitude?
- A10μV to 100μV
- B1000μV to 100000μV
- C20μV to 200μV
- D1μV to 10μV
23Which of the following is NOT one of the four TMS techniques discussed in the lectures?
- AThe "probing excitability" approach
- BThe injection of "neural noise"
- CThe "simultaneous-pulse approach"
- DThe creation of a "virtual lesion"
24The biochemical basis of epileptic seizures is:
- Aan inhibitor that binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, preventing the uptake of glutamate.
- Blesions to the medial or lateral temporal lobe.
- Coversecretion of glutamate.
- Da reduction in GABA uptake.
25What is an advantage of the Electroencephalograph?
- AThe temporal resolution is good
- BIt is not biased to signals generated in superficial layers of cerebral cortex
- CThe spatial resolution is good
- DSignals from the sulci are easy to detect
26The memory deficit detailed in the case study of HM is ____ because HM ___
- Aanterograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.
- Bretrograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.
- Canterograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury.
- Dretrograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury
27How will a 46 year old individual presenting with two forms of cognition deficits, both amnestic and non-amnestic be diagnosed, according to McKhann et al's criteria for Alzheimer's Disease?
- AProbable AD
- BDefinite AD
- CPossible AD
- DDementia of the Alzheimer's Type
28How does TMS-induced currents affect neurons?
- ATMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire towards the anterior and posterior sections of the brain
- BTMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire randomly
- CTMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire in a path align with the magnetic field path
- DTMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire all in the same direction
29What is the main danger associated with fMRI?
- Aionising radiation
- Bseizure
- Cstrong magnetic field
- Dthere is no danger associated with fMRI
30what does the bold fMRI measure?
- Athe oxygen level in the blood
- Bthe magnetic field of the brain
- Cthe neural activity in the brain
31After his operation, HM had trouble with
- ARetrograde memory
- BIntelligence and attention span
- CAnterograde memory formation
- DTemporal lobe epilepsy
32A lesion on the left medial temporal lobe results in
- Aemotional memory impairment
- Bverbal memory impairment
- Cnon-verbal memory impairment
- Dvisual memory impairment
33Out of four children, one of the girls and one of the boys in a family both share a genetic biological condition. Through genetic family tree mapping, you find out that none of their parents, uncles, aunties and grandparents share this condition. If we are looking at the daughter, what mode of inheritance is this gene?
- AAutosomal Recessive
- BAutosomal Dominant
- CX-Linked Recessive
- DNone of the above
34what is ltp?
- Aa form of malfunctioned nuerotransmitter
- BA fault in an action potential where it hyperpolizerses for too long
- CWhen an axon of cell A…excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A’s efficiency as one of the cell’s firing B is increased” Cell B responds more vigiously to cell A next time
- DA form of neuron death
35Declarative memory is _________ with 2 divisions______
- Aa result of procedual memory; explicit and implicit memory
- BAccumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences
outcome of processing by various processing systems, which feed the hippocampal formation; Semantic and Episodic - CDeclarative memory is the result of episdic/semantic memory processes
- DIs relational/connective in nature, links between memories rent context based and thus 2 divisions dont exist
36which model is most useful for studing amnesia?
- ASerial models
- BParralel models
37Turving's SPI hypothesis states:
- AEpisodic memory is an extension of semantic memory
- BSemantic memory is in charge of episodic memory
- CRetrieval can be supported by either system
- DA and C are correct
38VK study does or doesn't fit in SPI hypothesis:
- AYes
- BNo
39Whilst there are no definite causes of DAT, some risk factors
- AGenetic mutation causing early onset DAT (Autosomal dominant)
- BHaving DS
- CHead injury
- DAll of the above
40What is the key difference between the 2 following points in McKhann's et al. DAT criteria?
- APrAD, unlike probA, is assessment in life, the other after death
- BIn possible AD, the patient has been by a neuropsychologist if there is variance in the presentation of symptoms, whereas probable AD simply involves the presentation of non-amnesia symptoms
- CThere is no difference; on is a continuation of the other
- DPossible AD is assessed by the family, probable by a professional
41The pathology of DAT involves
- AAll of the below
- BGlial cell proliferation
- CSevere Degradation of neutrons
- DSenile plaque formation
42What is te first stage of amnesic presentation
- AMTL impairment (Antero-retrograde memory)
- BPrefrontal cortex degradation
- CPTL impairment (word finding difficulties)
- DParitial lobe (visiospacial difficulties)
43MK symptoms include:
- AAll of the below
- BWord finding difficulties due to posterior temportall lobe damage
- CVisiospacial difficulties suggest parietal tlobe damage
- DRecognition and recall memory impairment suggesting MTL impairment
44The hippocampal formation:
- AIs made up of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
- BIs part of the lateral temporal lobes
- CIncludes the dentate gyrus and subiculum
- DNone of the above
45Temporal lobe epilepsy:
- AHas taught us much about the semantic memory system
- BUsually causes seizures that are barely noticeable to an observer
- CNone of the these
- DIs not usually associated with memory impairment
46Which of the following statements is FALSE?
- AThe frontal lobes incorporate primary memory systems
- BThe frontal lobes are essential for relating arbitrarily related pieces of information
- CDamage to the thalamus is unlikely to result in memory impairment
- DAll of the above
47Hebb’s rule:
- AExplains autonoetic awareness
- BDescribes longterm depression
- CDescribes longterm potentiation
- DExplains why depression can cause memory impairment
48Because fMRI is non-radioactive the same subject can be scanned repeatedly.
- Atrue
- Bfalse
- Cdepends on the subject
- Ddepends on the scanner
49Longterm potentiation is important because:
- AIt describes how excitatory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of increased stimulus frequency
- BIt brings about temporary chemical changes that underpin memory function
- CIt only occurs in the temporal lobes and proves that this is the site of primary memory function
- DIt describes how inhibitory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of decreased stimulus frequency
50Explicit and implicit memory:
- AAre the same thing as declarative and procedural memory
- BAre distinguished partially on the basis of whether conscious recollection is used
- CAre useful concepts in understanding human amnestic syndromes
- DBoth requrie that the learning and recall environments are the same
51The maximum spatial resolution of fMRI is approximat
- A0.1 mm
- B1 mm
- C10 mm
- Dnone of the above
52Vargha-Khadem’s ‘children’:
- ARevealed important insights about the role of the frontal lobes in memory
- BDemonstrated that the lateral temporal neocortex is essential for semantic memory function
- CIndicated that episodic memory and semantic memory can show a single dissociation in performance during encoding
- DNone of the above
53Semantic memory:
- AIs “knowledge memory”
- BMakes it possible to acquire and retain factual information
- CDoes not involve autonoetic awareness
- DAll of the above
54Episodic memory:
- Aand semantic memory are both memory systems that make mental "time travel" possible, according to Tulving
- BContains semantic memory within it
- CRelies on the hippocampal circuit
- DAll of the above
55Bonferroni corrections are used to address
- Athe multiple comparisons problem
- Bstatistical relevance
- Cthe non-independent sample selection bias
- Dthe problem of over-interpreting a null result
56Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT):
- ACannot be diagnosed during life
- BIs the dementing syndrome associated with Alzheimer’s disease
- CCan be successfully treated with anti-epileptic drugs
- DIs the process of normal ageing speeded up
57fMRI records radio frequency signals emitted by
- Ahydrogen atoms
- Bhydrogen nuclei
- Coxygen atoms
- Doxygen nuclei
Informações
- Descrição
- BioPsych Exam Style Qs Lectures 1- Topics:
- Autor
- Taylor Carre-Riddell
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 38
- Etiquetas
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