Flashcards
AS Level History - Background to the 1918-89 period
Flashcards do conjunto (27)
- 1PRE 1918 BIT OF BACKGROUNDPRE 1918
BIT OF BACKGROUND - 2What is a Burgfrieden?Peace within the fortress.
- 3What did this mean?All political parties and social classes came together and sank their differences, due to the war effort.
- 4What happened towards the end of the war, in terms of the power of the Kaiser and why?-Kaiser had an impulsive nature which meant that he lost support of the OHL.
-OHL took most powers of the Kaiser, leaving him as a figurehead leader. - 5What is the OHL and what does it stand for?-German High Military Command.
-Oberste Heeresleitung. - 6Towards the end of the war, what was the political split in Germany, in terms of left and right and why?-Socialists questioned why Germany was still fighting as they had seen the war as defensive; not offensive.
-Nationalists demanded a Siegfriede, peace through victory. - 7Which party gained support over the last years of the war, how much support, and why?-Fatherland Party created by Admiral Tirpitz and right-wing journalist, Wolfgang Kapp.
-This was to rally support for an annexationist war.
-1918 - Had 1 million members.
-Shows the nationalism in Germany. - 8What is a revolution?The transfer of power in circumstances outside the normal constitutional processes.
- 9In simple terms, what was the revolution from above?A liberalised constitution of the 2nd Reich in 1918, with the OHL handing power over to a democratic government in 1918.
- 10What and when was the first BIG political change in transforming Germany into a democratic government?September 1918 - OHL advised the Kaiser to hand political power to a new government, led by Prince Max of Baden.
- 11What were the three main reasons for the change in political direction?1) Impending military defeat.
2) Allies.
3) General Ludendorff. - 12Give evidence for why impending military defeat was a cause for the change in political direction.23rd September - Bulgaria requested an armistice.
Only a matter of time before Germany's other allies (Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary) followed suit. - 13Give evidence for why the allies were a cause for the change in political direction.Allies refused to enter peace negotiations with anything other than a fully representative government.
- 14Give 2 reasons why General Ludendorff was a cause for the change in political direction.-New civilian government would be able to get better peace terms from the allies.
-New civilian government would be blamed for Military defeat.
--Reputations of generals would be preserved.
--Help maintain positions in post-war world. - 15In simple terms, what was the revolution from below?October 1918 mutinies
- 16What were the October reforms?New government formed based on Reichstag.
- 17What was the German Revolution?The social unrest due to Germany losing the war.
- 18What happened in late October in terms of the navy?There were mutinies at naval bases, Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, who refused to sail out to salvage German honour.
- 19What happened as a direct result of the mutinies?-It encouraged the creation of sailors', soldiers', and workers' councils.
-These challenged the authority Länder governments. - 20What happened politically in order to prevent a full scale revolution?-Prince Max announced Kaiser's abdication.
-Chancellorship handed over to moderate socialist, Friedrich Ebert. - 21What did the SPD split into?-Spartacus League in 1916 (revolutionary communism).
-USPD in 1917.
-Majority SPD (MSPD). - 22Who was the major split between and why?-MSPD on one hand and USPD and Spartacists on the other.
-MSPD wanted to make most of October reforms and the power inherited from Prince Max. - 23What happened on the 9th November 1918?-Council of People's Representatives is created, led by Friedrich Ebert.
--Ebert, Scheidemann and Landsberg (MSPD).
--Haase, Dittmann and Barth (USPD). - 24Did this work? If not, why?-No it didn't work AT ALL.
-Big differences emerged over longer-term strategies and policies. - 25What was the biggest difference between the USPD and Spartacists, and MSPD?USPD and Spartacists:
-Wanted a committed council rule which was associated more with revolutionary Russian ideals.
MSPD:
Prepare for a transition to a national constituent assembly, which was more in line with Western-style democratic institutions. - 26What further 3 differences developed in December 1918?-The maintenance of law and order.
-Whether the army should be radicalised.
-Whether the means of industrial production should be brought under socialist control. - 27What was the significance of the SPD split (3 things)?-New Republic caught between three left-wing divisions.
-Big division in central government between councils and constitutional structure on the other.
-Länder affected as Bavaria came under Eisner's USPD regime in November 1918.
Informações
- Descrição
- AS - Level History - Germany (Political and Governmental Change) FlashCards sobre AS Level History - Background to the 1918-89 period, criado por Ben C em 12-10-2015.
- Criado por
- Ben C
- Visualizações
- 39
- Tags
- Avaliação