Flashcards
Chapter 1
Flashcards do conjunto (77)
- 1Anatomythe study of the structure of the human body; also known as morphology, the science of form
- 2Physiologythe study of body function
- 3Gross anatomythe study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye—the bones, lungs, and muscles, for example
- 4Dissectionconnective tissue is removed from between the body organs so that the organs can be seen more clearly; then the organs are cut open for viewing
- 5Regional anatomyall structures in a single body region, such as the abdomen or head, are examined as a group
- 6Systemic anatomyall the organs with related functions are studied together
- 7Surface anatomythe study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs
- 8Microscopic anatomy/Histologythe study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope
- 9Developmental anatomytraces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span and the effects of aging
- 10Embryologythe study of how body structures form and develop before birth
- 11Pathological anatomythe study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
- 12Radiographic anatomythe study of internal body structures by means of X-ray studies and other imaging techniques
- 13Organ systemOrgans that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose
- 14Integumentary systemForms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat/oil glands
- 15Skeletal systemProtects/supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are forms within bones; bones store minerals
- 16Muscular systemAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat
- 17Nervous systemFast acting control system of the body, responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
- 18Endocrine sytemGlands that secrete hormones that regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
- 19Cardiovascular systemBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood
- 20Lymphatic system/ImmunityPicks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response attacks foreign substances
- 21Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen/removes CO2;gaseous exchanges occur through walls of air sacs in lungs
- 22Digestive systemBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible are eliminated as feces
- 23Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
- 24Male reproductive systemTestes produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female
- 25Female reproductive systemOvaries produce eggs and female sex hormone; remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization/development of fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk
- 26Antomical positionCommon visual reference used to accurately describe the various body parts and their locations. In this position, erect person has feet flat on ground, toes forward, eyes forward with palms facing anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body
- 27Regional termsNames of specific body areas
- 28Axial regionmakes up the main axis of the body, consists of the head, neck, and trunk
- 29TrunkArea divided into thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis; also includes region around anus and genitals called the perineum
- 30Appendicular regionConsists of limbs, which are also called appendages or extremities
- 31Superior (cranial)Toward the head end of supper part of a body; above
Ex. the head is superior to abdomen - 32Inferior (caudal)Away from head or towards lower part of structure of the body; below
Ex. The intestines are inferior to the liver - 33MedialToward or at midline of body; on the inner side of
Ex. The heart is medial to the lungs - 34LateralAway from midline of the body; on outer side of
Ex. The thumb is lateral to the body - 35ProximalCloser to origin of the body part/point of attachment of a limb to body trunk
Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist - 36DistalFarther from origin of body part/point of attachment of a limb to body trunk
Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh - 37IpsilateralOn the same side
Ex. The right hand and right foot are ipsilateral - 38ContralateralOn opposite sides
Ex. The right hand and left foot are contralateral - 39Anterior (ventral)Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Ex. The sternum is anterior to the heart - 40Posterior (dorsal)Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Ex. The vertebra is posterior to the heart - 41Superficial (external)Toward or at the body surface
Ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles - 42Deep (internal)Away from the body surface; more internal Ex. The lungs are deep to the skin
- 43Sagittal planeExtends vertically and divides the body into left and right parts
- 44Median/Midsagittal planeThe specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
- 45Parasagittal planeAll other sagittal planes, offset from the midline
- 46Frontal (coronal) planeExtends vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- 47Transverse (horizontal) planeRuns horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts; cross section (transverse section)
- 48Oblique sectionsCuts made along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical; seldom used
- 49Tube-within-a-body-planTube extend from mouth to anus and includes respiratory and digestive organs; outer tube consists of axial skeleton and associated muscles that make up outer body wall and nervous system
- 50Bilateral symmetryThe left half of the body is a mirror image of the right, with most body structures occurring in pairs; structures in median plane are unpaired but tend to have identical right and left sides
- 51Dorsal hollow nerve cordHollow nerve cord running along back in median plane; cord develops into brain and spinal cord
- 52Notochord and vertebraeNotochord is a stiffening rod in the back just deep to the spinal cord; formed in embryo then most is replaced by vertebrae
- 53SegmentationRepeating units of similar structure that run from the head along the full length of the trunk
- 54Pharyngeal pouchesHumans have a pharynx (throat region of digestive/respiratory tube)
- 55Dorsal body cavitySubdivided into a cranial cavity, which lies in the skull and encases the brain; and a vertebral cavity which runs through vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord
- 56Ventral Body CavityThe more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities; contains viscera (visceral organs); two divisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
- 57Visceral organsOrgans of the ventral body cavity; lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys
- 58Thoracic cavitySuperior cavity surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall
- 59Abdominopelvic cavityCavity surrounded by the abdominal walls and pelvic girdle; divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities; contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
- 60DiaphragmDome shaped muscle used in breathing; separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
- 61Pleural cavitySpace between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura; contains a small amount of serous fluid
- 62MediastinumA central band of organs in the thoracic cavity; contains the heart
- 63Pericardial cavitySpace between the parietal and visceral layers of pericardium; contains a small amount of serous fluid
- 64Abdominal cavityThe superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
- 65Pelvic cavityThe inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity containing the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
- 66Peritoneal cavitySurrounds many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
- 67Serosa (serous membrane)Lines serous cavities; has continuous parietal and visceral layers
- 68PleuraSerous membrane that lines the pleural cavity in the thorax; covers external surface of the lung
- 69PericardiumDouble layered sack that encloses the heart and forms it superficial layer
- 70PeritoneumSerous membrane that lines the interior of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the surfaces of the organs in this cavity
- 71Serous fluidA clear, watery lubricant produced by cells of a serous membrane
- 72Abdominal quadrantsThe abdomen is divided into four quadrants with one vertical and one horizontal plane through the navel
- 73MeningesLayers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
- 74Vertebral canalFormed by bones of the vertebral column; contains and protects the spinal cord
- 75Mucous membranesLine cavities that are open to the outside environment; cells secrete mucus; oral and nasal cavities vagina, anus
- 76Visceral layerlayer of serous membrane that touches the organ
- 77Parietal layerlayer of serous membrane that touches the body wall
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- FlashCards sobre Chapter 1, criado por Lauren Powell em 25-08-2017.
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