Bio Exam 4 Chapter 54

1. 1Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants?

   1. AA) consumption
   2. BB) commensalism
   3. CC) parasitism
   4. DD) mutualism
2. 2As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of ________.

   1. AA) mutualism
   2. BB) character displacement
   3. CC) Batesian mimicry
   4. DD) resource partitioning
3. 3The symbols +, -, and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and African wild dogs, if the dogs are found to typically avoid areas with lions?

   1. AA) +/+
   2. BB) +/-
   3. CC) 0/0
   4. DD) -/-
4. 4
   The symbols +, -, and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. Which fact is correct when describing species interactions?
   

   1. AA) +/0 will always remain such.
   2. BB) A +/- interaction could shift to +/0 or +/+ over time, depending on other factors such as competition, population density, or environmental changes.
   3. CC) Species interactions occur in isolation and cannot affect the structure of ecological communities.
   4. DD) A -/- interaction benefits both of the species in the relationship.
5. 5Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

   1. AA) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.
   2. BB) If two species have the same fundamental niche, one will exclude the other competing species.
   3. CC) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
   4. DD) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.
6. 6If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to ________.

   1. AA) change its fundamental niche
   2. BB) decline in abundance
   3. CC) become the target of specialized parasites
   4. DD) expand its realized niche
7. 7Which of the following is an example of a commensalism?

   1. AA) fungi residing in plant roots, such as endomycorrhizae
   2. BB) bacteria fixing nitrogen on the roots of some plants
   3. CC) rancher ants that protect aphids in exchange for sugar-rich honeydew
   4. DD) cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison
8. 8Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between ________.

   1. AA) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
   2. BB) sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator
   3. CC) allopatric populations of the same animal species
   4. DD) allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
9. 9Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement ________.
   

   1. AA) is a fundamental difference in feeding behaviors of individuals
   2. BB) is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use
   3. CC) is a difference in the niche within a habitat that is preferred to be used by a species
   4. DD) is not the result of competition
10. 10Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

    1. AA) two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern
    2. BB) a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp
    3. CC) a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf
    4. DD) one species of a non-venomous snake which rattles its tail to mimic a venomous rattlesnake

11. 11Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

    1. AA) a butterfly that resembles a leaf
    2. BB) a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake
    3. CC) a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment
    4. DD) a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish
12. 12Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

    1. AA) a non-poisonous snake mimics the color of a poisonous one
    2. BB) the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars
    3. CC) green color of a plant
    4. DD) a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf
13. 13Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes, nor are they negatively affected by this interaction. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?
    

    1. AA) mutualism
    2. BB) commensalism
    3. CC) competition
    4. DD) facilitation
14. 14In some circumstances, grasses that initially lose tissues from being consumed by animals such as elk or cattle regrow more than they would have otherwise, and benefit from the moderate levels of grazing. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction?

    1. AA) mutualism
    2. BB) commensalism
    3. CC) parasitism
    4. DD) predation
15. 15Which of the following measurements would be most helpful in understanding the structure of an ecological community?
    
    I) determining how many species are present overall
    II) determining which particular species are present
    III) determining the kinds of interactions that occur among individuals of the same species
    IV) determining the abundance of resources available for one species
    

    1. AA) only I and II
    2. BB) only II and IV
    3. CC) only I, II, and III
    4. DD) I, II, III, and IV
16. 16Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about competitive interactions?
    
    I) selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirds
    II) the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bison
    III) stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist
    

    1. AA) only I and II
    2. BB) only I and III
    3. CC) only II and III
    4. DD) I, II, and III
17. 17How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it?

    1. AA) Study the temperature range and humidity requirements of the species.
    2. BB) Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor.
    3. CC) Measure the change in reproductive success when the species is subjected to environmental stress.
    4. DD) Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species.
18. 18The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite?

    1. AA) +/+
    2. BB) +/0
    3. CC) +/-
    4. DD) 0/0
19. 19The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots?
    

    1. AA) +/+
    2. BB) +/0
    3. CC) +/-
    4. DD) 0/0
20. 20Bouchard and Brooks studied the effect of insect flight on dispersal and speciation in rain forest insects. They sampled all of the insects in the study area and found that 60 insect species are flightless and 19 are able to fly. What can you conclude so far about this study?
    (P. Bouchard and D. R. Brooks. 2004. Effect of vagility potential on dispersal and speciation in rainforest insects. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17:994-1006.)
    

    1. AA) Flightless insects have a greater dispersal potential from this study area.
    2. BB) Flightless insects are more numerous in the study area.
    3. CC) Flightless insects have a higher species richness in the study area.
    4. DD) Flightless insects are better suited for the tropics.
21. 21Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material?

    1. AA) 1000
    2. BB) 100
    3. CC) 10
    4. DD) 1
22. 22Elephants are not the most abundant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands are converted to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following statements describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?
    

    1. AA) Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.
    2. BB) Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland.
    3. CC) Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community.
    4. DD) Elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators.
23. 23According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact its prey (P) population, but not vice versa? The arrows between species indicate a negative impact toward the population at the arrowhead.

    1. AA) P ← C
    2. BB) P → C
    3. CC) C ↔ P
    4. DD) P ← C → P
24. 24Which of the following statements is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

    1. AA) Invasive species are less efficient than native species in competing for the limited resources of the environment.
    2. BB) Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species.
    3. CC) Invasive species have a higher reproductive potential than native species.
    4. DD) Invasive species come from geographically isolated regions, so when they are introduced to regions where there is more competition, they thrive.
25. 25
    Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?
    

    1. AA) 25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z
    2. BB) 40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z
    3. CC) 50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z
    4. DD) 70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z
26. 26Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they ________.

    1. AA) competitively exclude other predators
    2. BB) prey on the community's dominant species
    3. CC) allow immigration of other predators
    4. DD) prey only on the least abundant species in the community
27. 27Food chains are sometimes short because ________.

    1. AA) only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species
    2. BB) local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain
    3. CC) most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level
    4. DD) predator species tend to be less diverse and less abundant than prey species
28. 28Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

    1. AA) limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
    2. BB) influence of temperature on competition among plants
    3. CC) influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
    4. DD) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
29. 29Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what result should we expect Gleason had a more accurate view of communities than did Clement's hypothesis?

    1. AA) Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
    2. BB) Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
    3. CC) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
    4. DD) Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
30. 30According to the nonequilibrium model of community diversity, ________.

    1. AA) community structure remains stable in the absence of interspecific competition
    2. BB) communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are permanently changed by disturbance
    3. CC) interspecific interactions induce changes in community composition over time
    4. DD) communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances
31. 31Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

    1. AA) Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.
    2. BB) Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance.
    3. CC) The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity.
    4. DD) Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.
32. 32Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by ________.

    1. AA) frequent immigrations of new species
    2. BB) stable conditions with no disturbance
    3. CC) moderate levels of disturbance
    4. DD) intensive disturbance by humans
33. 33In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field and the other two species had a lower relative abundance. A possible factor contributing to the abundances of these species in this example of secondary succession is ________.
    

    1. AA) equilibrium
    2. BB) immigration
    3. CC) inhibition
    4. DD) parasitism
34. 34There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ________.

    1. AA) fewer predators and parasites
    2. BB) more dispersed annual solar radiation compared to the poles
    3. CC) more frequent ecological disturbances over a longer time span
    4. DD) a longer time frame without disturbances for evolution and speciation
35. 35Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

    1. AA) There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities.
    2. BB) Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude.
    3. CC) Tropical communities have higher sunlight and precipitation, and are generally older than temperate or polar communities.
    4. DD) More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.
36. 36Which of the following is a correct statement about MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model?

    1. AA) As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases.
    2. BB) Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species.
    3. CC) Small islands receive few new immigrant species.
    4. DD) Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.
37. 37According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be lowest on an island that is ________.

    1. AA) large and close to a mainland
    2. BB) large and remote
    3. CC) small and remote
    4. DD) small and close to a mainland
38. 38One plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that ________.

    1. AA) tropical communities are younger
    2. BB) tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation
    3. CC) higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation
    4. DD) tropical regions have very high rates of immigration and very low rates of extinction
39. 39Zoonotic disease ________.
    

    1. AA) is caused by suborganismal pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only
    2. BB) is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector
    3. CC) can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact
    4. DD) can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host
40. 40Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

    1. AA) Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas.
    2. BB) Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments.
    3. CC) Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection.
    4. DD) New environments are almost always smaller in area so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts.
41. 41Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs?

    1. AA) Staghorn coral is decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral takes its place.
    2. BB) Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes improves.
    3. CC) Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores.
    4. DD) Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity.
42. 42Which of the following studies would shed light on the mechanism of spread of H5N1 virus from Asia to North America?

    1. AA) Perform cloacal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska.
    2. BB) Test fecal samples for H5N1 in Asian waterfowl that live near domestic poultry farms in Asia.
    3. CC) Test for the presence of H5N1 in poultry used for human consumption worldwide.
    4. DD) Locate and destroy birds infected with H5N1 in Asian open-air poultry markets.
43. 43In terms of community ecology, why are pathogens often more virulent now than in the past?
    

    1. AA) More new pathogens have recently evolved.
    2. BB) Host organisms have become more susceptible because of weakened immune systems.
    3. CC) Human activities are transporting pathogens into new habitats (or communities) at an unprecedented rate.
    4. DD) Medicines for treating pathogenic disease are in short supply.
44. 44The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 kilometers in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to ________.

    1. AA) the lethality of each pathogen
    2. BB) the mobility of their hosts
    3. CC) the fact that viruses are very small
    4. DD) innate resistance
45. 45Scientists interested in how populations interact within communities are attempting to determine the species diversity of an island under study. What kind of data would be most helpful to the scientists in determining diversity?

    1. AA) the number of different species on the island and the size of the population of each species
    2. BB) the number of species on the island that are consumers, producers, and decomposers
    3. CC) the relative biomass of each species on the island separated by trophic level
    4. DD) the number of trophic levels on the island and the niche of each species
46. 46Red-cheeked salamanders are partially protected from predators because of cardiac glycosides they produce from glands on their back. When ingested, cardiac glycosides disrupt normal heart rhythms. A different salamander species, the imitator salamander, also has red cheek patches, but does not produce cardiac glycosides. It does gain protection from predators that have learned to avoid red-cheeked salamanders. How does this relationship affect the population dynamics of both species?

    1. AA) Both species are negatively affected.
    2. BB) Both species are positively affected.
    3. CC) The red-cheeked salamander is positively affected; the imitator is negatively affected.
    4. DD) The red-cheeked salamander is not affected; the imitator is positively affected.
47. 47The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's

    1. AA) secondary succession.
    2. BB) ecological niche.
    3. CC) species richness.
    4. DD) trophic structure.
48. 48The principle of competitive exclusion states that

    1. AA) two species cannot coexist in the same habitat.
    2. BB) competition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species.
    3. CC) two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community.
    4. DD) two species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat.
49. 49Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by

    1. AA) frequent massive disturbance.
    2. BB) stable conditions with no disturbance.
    3. CC) moderate levels of disturbance.
    4. DD) human intervention to eliminate disturbance.
50. 50According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is

    1. AA) large and remote.
    2. BB) small and remote.
    3. CC) large and close to a mainland.
    4. DD) small and close to a mainland.
51. 51Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they

    1. AA) competitively exclude other predators.
    2. BB) prey on the community's dominant species.
    3. CC) reduce the number of disruptions in the community.
    4. DD) prey only on the least abundant species in the community.
52. 52Food chains are sometimes short because
    

    1. AA) only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species.
    2. BB) local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain.
    3. CC) most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level.
    4. DD) most producers are inedible.
53. 53Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

    1. AA) limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
    2. BB) influence of temperature on competition among plants
    3. CC) influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
    4. DD) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
54. 54The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

    1. AA) tropical communities are younger.
    2. BB) tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation.
    3. CC) higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation.
    4. DD) diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases.

Description

Biology Quiz on Bio Exam 4 Chapter 54, created by Hannah Moore on 12/04/2018.

Author

Hannah Moore

Language

English

Views

56

Tags

biology

Rating

No ratings yet

Rate this quiz

Rate this quiz

More on Species Interactions and Community Ecology