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Bio Exam 4 Chapter 56
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Questions in this quiz (58)
1Philippe Bouchet and colleagues conducted a massive survey of marine molluscs on the west coast of New Caledonia. For 20% of the total species that were located and identified, only a single specimen was found. What does that suggest about the diversity of molluscs in this area?
- AA) The west coast of New Caledonia is not an appropriate habitat for molluscs.
- BB) Many of the species from this 20% are probably rare.
- CC) They were not sampling uniformly throughout the area.
- DD) Many of the species from this 20% are most likely just dispersing through the area.
2If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct?
- AA) global diversity
- BB) local diversity
- CC) ecosystem diversity
- DD) genetic diversity
3What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?
- AA) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions are unlikely.
- BB) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion.
- CC) Genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction.
- DD) Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.
4Tropical forests are being converted to farm or pasture land at an alarming rate, and one major focus is on the biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved?
- AA) This diversity provides areas for coffee growing.
- BB) Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats.
- CC) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
- DD) The plant diversity provides shade, which lowers global warming.
5Ecosystem services include processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment. Which of the following processes would fall under this category?
- AA) Keystone predators have a marked effect on species diversity.
- BB) Green plants and phytoplankton produce the oxygen we breathe.
- CC) Bees, flies, and wasps pollinate many plants.
- DD) The presence of dams improves flood control.
6During the inventory of bacterial genes present in the Sargasso Sea, a deep isolated area in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a research team concluded that at least 1,800 bacterial species were present. Based on what you might predict about the habitat structure of such an area, what kind of bacterial diversity would you expect to see in tropical coral reef waters?
- AA) slightly greater genetic diversity
- BB) slightly smaller genetic diversity
- CC) markedly smaller genetic diversity
- DD) markedly greater genetic diversity
7Erwin and Scott used an insecticidal fog to knock down insects from the top section of a L. seemannii tree. The researchers identified over 900 species of beetles among the individuals that fell. Erwin also projected that this entire tree from top to bottom is host to about 600 arthropod species that are unique to this tree species and not found on any other tree species. There are approximately 50,000 species of tropical trees. Although it could not be entirely accurate, what would be the best way to estimate the total number of arthropod species?
- AA) Estimate the species density and then multiply by 50,000.
- BB) Multiply 600 by 50,000.
- CC) Multiply 50,000 by 900.
- DD) Add 900 to 600, and then multiply by 50,000.
8Which of the following statements regarding extinction is accurate?
- AA) A large percentage of species are immune from extinction; however, rates of extinction may increase with continued human impacts.
- BB) Extinctions occur only periodically, separated by long time spans with no extinctions.
- CC) Extinction is occurring at a similar rate now as compared to historical fossil evidence.
- DD) The small-population approach is inferior to the declining-population approach if the goal is to conserve the maximum number of species in a given region.
9The human impact that scientists determined has caused the most extinctions on record is ________, and beyond further losses from this impact, the other impact with the largest potential to cause future extinctions is ________.
- AA) introduced species; habitat loss
- BB) habitat loss; overharvesting
- CC) climate change; habitat loss
- DD) habitat loss; climate change
10Which of the following observations provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis?
- AA) the incursion of a non-native species
- BB) increasing pollution levels
- CC) high rate of extinction
- DD) climate change
11Which of the following terms includes all of the others?
- AA) species diversity
- BB) biodiversity
- CC) genetic diversity
- DD) ecosystem diversity
12To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to ________.
- AA) differentiate between plant extinction and animal extinction numbers
- BB) focus on identifying more species of mammals and birds
- CC) identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth
- DD) use the average extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline
13Loss of biodiversity matters not only with regard to mammals or other vertebrates, but also microbes. Why are microbes worthy of discovery and protection from extinction?
- AA) Microbes play a role in digestion.
- BB) Microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research.
- CC) Microbes are much greater in species number than any other taxa on Earth.
- DD) Microbes may be the most sensitive to the next large extinction event.
14Which of the following threats to biodiversity is targeted at specific species rather than groups of species?
- AA) introduced species
- BB) habitat destruction
- CC) increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a cause of global warming
- DD) overharvesting
15Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by ________.
- AA) competing with native species for resources and displacing them
- BB) spreading rapidly in their new region
- CC) reducing erosion
- DD) increasing the biodiversity in their new region
16Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect ________.
- AA) animals that occupy a broad ecological niche
- BB) large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates
- CC) most organisms that live in the oceans' coral reefs
- DD) edge-adapted species
17Of the following ecosystem types, which have been impacted the most by humans?
- AA) wetland and riparian
- BB) desert and high alpine
- CC) taiga and second-growth forests
- DD) tundra and arctic
18Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for ________.
- AA) the death of fish in lakes
- BB) precipitation with a pH as high as 8.0
- CC) eutrophication of lakes
- DD) global temperature decrease
19Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis, the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses?
- AA) Federal laws of the United States exclude their inclusion in any cost benefit analysis.
- BB) They have a low value and are usually not cost effective.
- CC) Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments.
- DD) Their cost is difficult to estimate, and people take them for granted.
20Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten additional animals, what benefits are there to importing individuals?
- AA) There is no benefit other than increasing the overall population size.
- BB) Additional voles will strengthen competition and increase the survival of the fittest.
- CC) Additional animals would increase beneficial genetic drift.
- DD) Additional voles from a distant population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding.
21Easter Island is an extremely isolated island in the Pacific, about 3,500 km from South America. Although there are no forests on the island now, archeological studies, fossil pollen, and other data show that Easter Island was once home to forests containing giant palms and other trees. Some scientists think that the removal of the giant palms caused the forest ecosystem to collapse. Which of the following factors might have caused this collapse?
- AA) Shade-tolerant species increased in diversity in the absence of the palm.
- BB) Soil erosion decreased in the absence of the palm.
- CC) The absence of the palm trees may have reduced habitat quality for many other species.
- DD) Productivity increased, thereby increasing competition, in the palms' absence.
22Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive?
- AA) endemic to the area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species
- BB) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species
- CC) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces other invasive species
- DD) endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species
23Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?
- AA) The species in question is found only in small, stable pockets of its former range.
- BB) The effective population size of the species falls below 1,000.
- CC) Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.
- DD) The population is permanently small.
24What strategy was used to rescue Illinois prairie chickens from a recent extinction vortex?
- AA) determining the minimum viable population size by taking into account the effective population size
- BB) establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat nesting grounds
- CC) introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation
- DD) reducing the population size of its predators and competitors
25If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following statements will always be accurate?
- AA) The population will enter the extinction vortex.
- BB) The genetic variation in the population will increase over time.
- CC) Modeling of the minimum viable population size will underestimate the actual population size.
- DD) The effective population size will be less than the actual population size.
26Which of the following factors could cause the largest increase in the effective population size of a species?
- AA) an increased number of males
- BB) an increase in the total population size
- CC) an increase in the number of breeding males and females
- DD) an increased number of females
27The primary difference between the small-population approach and the declining-population approach to biodiversity recovery is that ________.
- AA) small-population approach is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline
- BB) small-population approach applies for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500
- CC) declining-population approach would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity
- DD) small-population approach would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery
28Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to the red-cockaded woodpecker populations in the southeastern United States?
- AA) The bird requires feeding grounds in and around mature pine forest that are uninterrupted by the structure of other vegetation.
- BB) The mature pine forests in which they live should continue to be protected from forest fire.
- CC) All of the appropriate red-cockaded woodpecker habitats have already been logged or converted to agricultural land.
- DD) The red-cockaded woodpecker relies on dense forest to hide their nests from ground-dwelling predators.
29Managing southeastern forests specifically for the red-cockaded woodpecker ________.
- AA) required periodic forest burning to reduce the growth of a dense understory of trees and shrubs
- BB) contributed to greater abundance and diversity of other forest plant species
- CC) required the construction of nest boxes in the forest to promote successful nesting
- DD) focused on the removal of standing dead longleaf pine to promote growth of young longleaf pine
30Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?
- AA) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild.
- BB) Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat.
- CC) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
- DD) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.
31Which one of the following is most likely to be a hot spot of biodiversity for birds?
- AA) Central America
- BB) Northern Europe
- CC) Central Australia
- DD) Eastern North America
32The main purpose of movement corridors is to ________.
- AA) slow down the introduction of new individuals of a species
- BB) slowly introduce a species to a new reserve
- CC) create more edge habitat
- DD) connect two otherwise isolated populations
33A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed with housing while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into 20 separate 1-hectare areas, spread out across the area. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares on one side of the larger area. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?
- AA) The single intact parcel would have a smaller amount of edge than the 20 separate parcels.
- BB) The isolated hectare plots increase the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another.
- CC) The separate 1-hectare plots are less vulnerable to edge effects.
- DD) The large plot will create more inbreeding in many species.
34Which of the following is a generally accurate statement about the current research regarding forest fragmentation?
- AA) Fragmented forests promote biodiversity because they result in the combination of forest-edge species and forest-interior species.
- BB) In fragmented forests, the number of forested-adapted species tend to decline and the number of edge species tend to increase.
- CC) Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wildlife reserves.
- DD) The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created.
35Brown-headed cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by ________.
- AA) feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the forest/open-field interface
- BB) parasitizing the nests of forest birds and feeding on open-field insects
- CC) consuming the eggs of other species as well as insects and seeds in open fields
- DD) outcompeting other songbird species for access to nesting holes in old-growth trees
36Movement corridors can be harmful to certain species because they ________.
- AA) increase inbreeding
- BB) spread disease and parasites
- CC) increase genetic diversity
- DD) allow seasonal migration
37Establishing new nature reserves in biodiversity hot spots may not necessarily the best choice because ________.
- AA) hot spots are situated in remote areas not accessible to the public
- BB) their ecological importance makes land purchase very expensive
- CC) a hot spot helps conserve only a few species
- DD) changing environmental conditions may shift the location of the hot spot
38What is the biggest problem with selecting a site for a reserve?
- AA) Making a proper selection is difficult because currently the environmental conditions of almost any site can change quickly.
- BB) Keystone species are difficult to identify in potential reserve sites.
- CC) Only lands that are not useful to human activities are available for reserves.
- DD) Most of the best sites are inaccessible by land transportation, so making roads to them is often prohibitively expensive.
39What is a critical load?
- AA) the amount of nutrient augmentation necessary to bring a depleted habitat back to its former level
- BB) the level of a given toxin in an ecosystem that is lethal to 50 percent of the species present
- CC) the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity
- DD) the number of predators an ecosystem can support that effectively culls prey populations to healthy levels
40Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because ________.
- AA) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides
- BB) the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested
- CC) land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor
- DD) cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter
41Which of the following outcomes is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems?
- AA) depletion of ozone layer
- BB) acid precipitation
- CC) biological magnification
- DD) eutrophication
42Which of the following factors causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds?
- AA) acid precipitation
- BB) biological magnification
- CC) greenhouse effect
- DD) eutrophication
43Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you use in response to your friend's suspicions?
- AA) We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has decreased over the past 150 years.
- BB) Through measurements and observations, we know that carbon dioxide levels and temperature fluctuations are indirectly correlated.
- CC) Global warming could have minor effects on agriculture in the United States.
- DD) Scientist have evidence that climate change has already altered primary production, as well as ecosystem services.
44The main cause of the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is ________.
- AA) increased worldwide primary production
- BB) an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
- CC) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
- DD) additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population
45Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification?
- AA) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
- BB) Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers.
- CC) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
- DD) The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases.
46Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important?
- AA) Burning increases available carbon for primary producers and, therefore, primary consumers.
- BB) Deforestation and suburbanization increase an area's net primary productivity.
- CC) Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are altering Earth's climate.
- DD) By using fossil fuels, we are replenishing a nonrenewable resource.
47The main goal of sustainable development is to ________.
- AA) involve more countries in conservation efforts
- BB) use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings
- CC) use natural resources such that they do not decline over time
- DD) reevaluate and re-implement management plans over time
48Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of zoned reserves?
- AA) Costa Rica
- BB) China
- CC) United States
- DD) Mexico
49Which of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity is correct?
- AA) About 25 percent of Earth's land area is now protected.
- BB) Developing nations have a larger ecological footprint than developed nations, thus protected areas should be primarily established in developing nations.
- CC) Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.
- DD) It is only important to protect land within biodiversity hot spots.
50Eutrophication is often caused by excess limiting-nutrient runoff from agricultural fields into aquatic ecosystems. This process results in massive algal blooms that eventually die and decompose, ultimately depleting the dissolved oxygen, killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms. Predict which of the following human actions would best address the problem of eutrophication near agricultural areas?
- AA) After each eutrophication event, remove the dead fish and invertebrates to place on agricultural fields instead of fertilizer.
- BB) Determine which limiting nutrient is responsible for the algal bloom, and use other fertilizers to apply to crops.
- CC) Remove the algae before it dies and decomposes to prevent eutrophication from occurring.
- DD) Determine critical nutrient loads required for certain crops, and do not exceed this amount during fertilizer application.
51Elevated carbon dioxide levels have been shown to contribute to the greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in mean global temperature. Ecosystems where the largest warming has already occurred include snow-covered northern coniferous forests, tundra, and arctic sea ice habitats. Which statement best explains how the elimination of ice-covered ecosystems affects the rise or fall in global temperature?
- AA) Melting ice releases dissolved ozone gas, which adds to the greenhouse effect.
- BB) More reflective surfaces of ice are replaced with darker, more absorptive surfaces, thereby contributing to the warming trend.
- CC) Large-scale ice melts actually contribute toward lowering global temperatures by decreasing salinity of the oceans.
- DD) Carbon dioxide levels are lowered as a result of the greater volume of water to accommodate greater levels of dissolved gas.
52A parasitic fungus, Geomyces destructans, has decimated millions of bats in the United States since it was first observed in upstate New York in 2006. The disease has been named white-nose syndrome because of the white fungal hyphae that cover the bat upon infection. It is believed that this fungus was introduced from Europe by tourists entering into caves with hibernating bat populations. Which prediction most likely reflects changes that will occur in natural communities as a result of massive bat mortality?
- AA) increased animal populations as a result of niche availability
- BB) increased rodent populations as a result of an increase in flying insect populations
- CC) increased flying insect populations
- DD) decreased bird populations as the spread of the fungus infects other closely related species
53One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that
- AA) it is a rare, top-level predator.
- BB) its effective population size is lower than its total population size.
- CC) its genetic diversity is very low.
- DD) it is not well adapted to edge conditions.
54The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is
- AA) increased worldwide primary production.
- BB) increased worldwide standing crop.
- CC) an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere.
- DD) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels.
55What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?
- AA) overharvesting of commercially important species
- BB) habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
- CC) introduced species that compete with native species
- DD) novel pathogens
56Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification?
- AA) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
- BB) Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers.
- CC) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers.
- DD) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
57Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?
- AA) Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat.
- BB) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
- CC) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.
- DD) Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors.
58Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct?
- AA) About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.
- BB) National parks are one of many types of protected areas.
- CC) Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.
- DD) It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots.
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- Biology Quiz on Bio Exam 4 Chapter 56, created by Hannah Moore on 16/04/2018.
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- Hannah Moore
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