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Nitrogen Metabolism 2

sophie waddington 18 questions

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Questions in this quiz (18)

  1. 1So ammonia [blank_start]assimilation[blank_end] is the incorporation of [blank_start]inorganic[blank_end] nitrogen (NH3) into one amino acid; [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end]
    - but what about the other amino acids
    - there are [blank_start]20[blank_end] amino acids?

    [blank_start]Transamination[blank_end] = the transfer of an [blank_start]amino[blank_end] group from one compound to another
    - NH2 (amino group) is transferred from an amino acid to a [blank_start]keto[blank_end] acid to form a new amino acid
    - the enzyme catalysing the reactions are called [blank_start]transaminases[blank_end] or aminotransferases
    - [blank_start]Pyridoxal[blank_end] phosphate (PP) acts as a coenzyme to transfer the NH2 ([blank_start]amino[blank_end] group)
    - transamination allows (all) [blank_start]plants[blank_end] and some microogranisms to synthesise all the [blank_start]amino[blank_end] acids they require
    - [blank_start]animals[blank_end] cannot synthesise all amino acids

    so: enzyme = transaminases or [blank_start]aminotransferases[blank_end] but they don't work alone they need a coenzyme, pyridoxal [blank_start]phosphate[blank_end] (PP)

    1. Aassimilation
    2. Binorganic
    3. Cglutamate
    4. D20
    5. ETransamination
    6. Famino
    7. Gketo
    8. Htransaminases
    9. IPyridoxal
    10. Jamino
    11. Kplants
    12. Lamino
    13. Manimals
    14. Naminotransferases
    15. Ophosphate
  2. 2How
    1. amino group from an [blank_start]amino[blank_end] acid is transferred to [blank_start]pyridoxal[blank_end] phosphate (the coenzyme on the enzyme)
    2. this makes a [blank_start]keto[blank_end] acid and pyridoxal [blank_start]phosphate[blank_end] bound to the enzyme with the amino group

    3. in the second reaction the enzyme-PP-NH2 reacts with a [blank_start]different[blank_end] keto acid; the amino group is transferred to the new keto acid

    this can be simplified to

    amino acid 1 + keto acid 2 --> amino acid 2 + keto acid 1

    - in the presence of as [blank_start]transaminase[blank_end] / aminotransferase enzyme

    We have moved an amino group from an amino acid to keto group
    1. Aamino
    2. Bpyridoxal
    3. Cphosphate
    4. Dketo
    5. Edifferent
    6. Ftransaminase
  3. 3- [blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] (amino acid) is the primary source of NH2
    - the NH2 (amino group) is transferred to an appropriate/specific [blank_start]keto[blank_end] acid and new amino acids are either formed directly or have further metabolism to produce related amino acids

    pyruvate + glutamate --> [blank_start]alanine[blank_end]

    3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) + glutamate --> [blank_start]serine[blank_end]

    oxaloacetate + glutamate --> [blank_start]aspartate[blank_end]
    1. Aalanine
    2. Baspartate
    3. Cserine
    4. DGlutamate
    5. Eketo
  4. 4Intermediates of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are the source of the keto acids for amino acid synthesis
    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
  5. 5Keto acids are coming from the metabolites of [blank_start]central[blank_end] metabolism in transamination
    - some amino acids are steps to make other [blank_start]amino[blank_end] acids
    - some are not steps
    1. Acentral
    2. Bamino
  6. 6[blank_start]Essential[blank_end] Amino Acids = amino acids that [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] be synthesised and must be obtained from [blank_start]diet[blank_end] or growth media
    - non-essential amino acids are synthesised by [blank_start]simple[blank_end] pathways
    - [blank_start]essential[blank_end] amino acids are synthesised by more complicated pathways
    - [blank_start]plants[blank_end] and some microorganisms can synthesise all [blank_start]20[blank_end] amino acids
    1. AEssential
    2. Bcannot
    3. Cdiet
    4. Dsimple
    5. Eessential
    6. Fplants
    7. G20
  7. 7Non-essential amino acids
    - alanine
    - arginine
    - asparagine
    - aspartate
    - cysteine
    - [blank_start]glycine[blank_end]
    - glutamine
    - glutamate
    - serine
    - proline
    - [blank_start]tyrosine[blank_end]

    non-essential amino acids [blank_start]can[blank_end] be synthesised by mammals, as they require [blank_start]simple[blank_end] pathways

    essential amino acids [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] be synthesised by mammals and must be obtained from the diet
    - essential have [blank_start]5[blank_end] or more steps in their pathway
    1. Aglycine
    2. Btyrosine
    3. Ccan
    4. Dsimple
    5. Ecannot
    6. F5
  8. 8Amino Acid Degradation
    - animals may consume [blank_start]amino[blank_end] acids in excess of the requirements (too much)
    - excess amino acids cannot be stored so they have to be [blank_start]degraded[blank_end]
    - degradation takes place in 2 stages

    1. [blank_start]deamination[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]oxidative[blank_end] deamination

    [blank_start]Plants[blank_end] and microorganisms synthesise amino acids to meet their specific requirements, so they don't degrade them in the same way

    [blank_start]Microorganisms[blank_end] degrade amino acids during the process of decay which is the final part of the [blank_start]organic[blank_end] nitrogen cycle (decomposing)
    1. Aamino
    2. Bdegraded
    3. Coxidative
    4. Ddeamination
    5. EPlants
    6. FMicroorganisms
    7. Gorganic
  9. 9[blank_start]Degradation[blank_end] of Amino Acids
    1. [blank_start]Deamination[blank_end] = the reverse of transamination
    > the NH2 (amino group) from the amino acid being degraded is transferred to 2-oxo-[blank_start]glutarate[blank_end] to form glutamate; [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] is a very valuable amino acid

    2. [blank_start]Oxidative[blank_end] (O) deamination = reverse of ammonia [blank_start]assimilation[blank_end]
    > the [blank_start]NH2[blank_end] (amino group) of glutamate is removed by glutamate [blank_start]dehydrogenase[blank_end]
    1. ADegradation
    2. BDeamination
    3. Cglutarate
    4. Dglutamate
    5. EOxidative
    6. Fassimilation
    7. Gdehydrogenase
    8. HNH2
  10. 10Amino acid degradation example = [blank_start]alanine[blank_end]
    1. amino group (NH2) from alanine is transferred to 2-[blank_start]oxo[blank_end]-glutarate to form [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] + pyruvate (keto acid)

    2. the [blank_start]amino[blank_end] group of glumate is removed by glutamate [blank_start]dehydrogenase[blank_end]
    - this reduces NAD --> [blank_start]NADH[blank_end]

    but what happens to the keto acids we from during deamination?
    1. Aalanine
    2. Boxo
    3. Cglutamate
    4. Damino
    5. Edehydrogenase
    6. FNADH

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Description
Biochemistry Quiz on Nitrogen Metabolism 2, created by sophie waddington on 18/05/2018.
Language
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